T H E B L A C K M E T A !
Relevance, Self-Awareness, and Self-CARE-ness ... Music, Mindful, and YOUR META!
Live and streaming at Radiokingston.org | 107.9 FM and 1490AM, Tuesdays, 1-3 p.m.
It's YOUR NEW YEAR and YOUR SUPERCHARGED META!
THE INTERVIEW: LISA KELLEY, Executive Director, Kingston Midtown Arts District (M.A.D.)!
And, a META SPOTLIGHT on: “THE ECHOES!!!”
TUNE IN and TURN UP YOUR Black Meta!
—Your Black Meta!
TheBlackMetaWKNY@Gmail.com
THE INTERVIEW
with
LISA KELLEY, EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR, KINGSTON MIDTOWN ARTS DISTRICT, (M.A.D.)!
Energy Square
20 Cedar Street
Kingston NY 12401
Mail: PO Box 2892 Kingston NY 12402
(845) 802-0097
Madkingston.org
mail@madkingston.org
Lisa@madkingston.org
The Kingston Midtown Arts District (MAD) believes in the power of creative arts to be an agent of change. We serve the people of Midtown Kingston as a hub for collaborative relationships with individuals, artists, businesses, organizations and government to create positive change together. Our mission is to provide access and support for the arts to advance, engage, unite, and enrich a vibrant community in Midtown Kingston.
The Kingston Midtown Arts District (MAD) believes in the power of creative arts to be an agent of change. We serve the people of Midtown Kingston as a hub for collaborative relationships with individuals, artists, businesses, organizations and government to create positive change together. Our mission is to provide access and support for the arts to advance, engage, unite, and enrich a vibrant community in Midtown Kingston.
ABOUT: Kingston Midtown Arts District (M.A.D.)
Mission
To provide access and support for the arts to advance, engage, unite, and enrich a vibrant community in Midtown Kingston.
Vision
Kingston MAD believes in the power of creative arts to be an agent of change. We serve the people of Midtown Kingston as a hub for collaborative relationships with individuals, artists, businesses, organizations and government to create positive change together.
Values
- Collaboration and Community Building
- Artistic Integrity and Personal Excellence
- Diversity, Equity, Inclusion, and Accessibility
- Creative Growth and Innovation
- Midtown-centric
How we advocate
With advocacy we focus on creating fair and inclusive policies and practices that will cultivate and ensure equitable access to resources for the artist economy, as well as cultivating support for the arts and artists across business and public sectors.
Advocacy includes:
- Collaborate and liaise with local government
- Drive funding toward the arts
- Support and promote the artist economy
- Provide fiscal sponsorship to artists and other organizations
- Spearhead public campaigns to promote the arts
- Create opportunities to share artistic resources
Who we educate
We provide enrichment and skill-building through high-quality, accessible and affordable arts education for everyone, from beginners to working professionals. We help build agency and explore the creative process as well as create opportunities for intergenerational mentorships for legacy, continuity, and mutual inspiration.
Educate includes:
- Accessible art classes through D.R.A.W. programming
- the PUGG Youth Workforce Program
- Awarding Scholarships to young artists and the community at large
- Public expositions and workshops
- Hosting Teaching Artists
What we celebrate
Through a series of events and promotions, we amplify the achievements of our artistic community and invite the public to engage and learn from it first hand. This direct support and connection is vital to Midtown Kingston.
Celebrate includes:
- Amplifying the arts through annual public events including Celebration of the Arts, DRAW-A-Thon, and Eco Arts Week
- Creation and distribution of the 1st Saturday Gallery Guide
- Insure recognition through the Todd Samara Art Fund Award and Red Goat
- Pop-up galleries bringing art to the people
- Collaborate with government and other organizations to increase audience ( The Dorsky Museum, TRANSART, City of Kingston, Ministry of Maȧt, Kingston Library, O+Festival, Radio Kingston, CCE, Midtown Business Alliance, SUNY Ulster, Eureka House, Bard Center for Curatorial Studies)
Non-Discrimination Policy and Prohibition Against Sexual Harassment
MAD celebrates diversity and as an extension of its mission promotes inclusion and equity in all its activities and programming.
MAD does not and shall not discriminate on the basis of race, color, religion (creed), gender, gender expression, age, national origin (ancestry), disability, marital status, sexual orientation, or military status, in any of its activities or operations.
MAD strives to maintain environments that are free from illegal discrimination and harassment. While all forms of harassment are prohibited, it is our policy to emphasize that sexual harassment is specifically prohibited. Any board member who engages in discriminatory or harassing conduct is subject to removal from the Board. Complaints alleging misconduct on the part of Board members will be investigated promptly and as confidentially as possible by a task force of the Board appointed by the Governance Committee.
Mission
To provide access and support for the arts to advance, engage, unite, and enrich a vibrant community in Midtown Kingston.
Vision
Kingston MAD believes in the power of creative arts to be an agent of change. We serve the people of Midtown Kingston as a hub for collaborative relationships with individuals, artists, businesses, organizations and government to create positive change together.
Vision
Kingston MAD believes in the power of creative arts to be an agent of change. We serve the people of Midtown Kingston as a hub for collaborative relationships with individuals, artists, businesses, organizations and government to create positive change together.
Values
- Collaboration and Community Building
- Artistic Integrity and Personal Excellence
- Diversity, Equity, Inclusion, and Accessibility
- Creative Growth and Innovation
- Midtown-centric
How we advocate
With advocacy we focus on creating fair and inclusive policies and practices that will cultivate and ensure equitable access to resources for the artist economy, as well as cultivating support for the arts and artists across business and public sectors.
Advocacy includes:
- Collaborate and liaise with local government
- Drive funding toward the arts
- Support and promote the artist economy
- Provide fiscal sponsorship to artists and other organizations
- Spearhead public campaigns to promote the arts
- Create opportunities to share artistic resources
Who we educate
We provide enrichment and skill-building through high-quality, accessible and affordable arts education for everyone, from beginners to working professionals. We help build agency and explore the creative process as well as create opportunities for intergenerational mentorships for legacy, continuity, and mutual inspiration.
Educate includes:
- Accessible art classes through D.R.A.W. programming
- the PUGG Youth Workforce Program
- Awarding Scholarships to young artists and the community at large
- Public expositions and workshops
- Hosting Teaching Artists
What we celebrate
Through a series of events and promotions, we amplify the achievements of our artistic community and invite the public to engage and learn from it first hand. This direct support and connection is vital to Midtown Kingston.
Through a series of events and promotions, we amplify the achievements of our artistic community and invite the public to engage and learn from it first hand. This direct support and connection is vital to Midtown Kingston.
Celebrate includes:
- Amplifying the arts through annual public events including Celebration of the Arts, DRAW-A-Thon, and Eco Arts Week
- Creation and distribution of the 1st Saturday Gallery Guide
- Insure recognition through the Todd Samara Art Fund Award and Red Goat
- Pop-up galleries bringing art to the people
- Collaborate with government and other organizations to increase audience ( The Dorsky Museum, TRANSART, City of Kingston, Ministry of Maȧt, Kingston Library, O+Festival, Radio Kingston, CCE, Midtown Business Alliance, SUNY Ulster, Eureka House, Bard Center for Curatorial Studies)
Non-Discrimination Policy and Prohibition Against Sexual Harassment
MAD celebrates diversity and as an extension of its mission promotes inclusion and equity in all its activities and programming.
MAD does not and shall not discriminate on the basis of race, color, religion (creed), gender, gender expression, age, national origin (ancestry), disability, marital status, sexual orientation, or military status, in any of its activities or operations.
MAD strives to maintain environments that are free from illegal discrimination and harassment. While all forms of harassment are prohibited, it is our policy to emphasize that sexual harassment is specifically prohibited. Any board member who engages in discriminatory or harassing conduct is subject to removal from the Board. Complaints alleging misconduct on the part of Board members will be investigated promptly and as confidentially as possible by a task force of the Board appointed by the Governance Committee.
ABOUT: Neighborhood Print Studio
A community print studio and business incubator dedicated to fostering creativity, collaboration, and access through the art of printmaking. In the Pajama Factory 49 Greenkill Avenue, Kingston, NY 12401. To make an appointment or for open studio hours, contact micah@drawkingston.org
MISSION
Our mission is to provide a professional workspace and resources for individuals of all backgrounds and skill levels to explore and engage with various printmaking techniques. We strive to advocate for equitable access to artistic resources, champion diverse voices, and promote creativity as a catalyst for social change and community building.
COMMUNITY PRINT
Through educational workshops, open studio space, collaborative projects, and community events, we aim to empower individuals to express themselves, build connections, and contribute to a thriving artistic ecosystem. We currently have 3 intaglio printing presses (12×18, 24×36 and 42×60) that have been donated or acquired especially for the Studio.
To artists we offer and facilitate: silkscreening, etching and expanded access to our preexisting print program.
BUSINESS INCUBATOR
The business incubator program supports future, aspiring small publication and printmaking businesses to become fully realized within the creative economy by providing physical space, sharing resources and skills necessary to meet short and long-range professional and artistic goals. Our current business incubator space is occupied by Cosmic Doghouse Press independent publisher that specializes in risograph printing, zines, and book making.
Interested in becoming a Patron of the Print Studio? CLICK HERE!
READ MORE....
ABOUT: The 10th Annual Celebration of the Arts Expo!
Courtesy of MadKingston.org
MAD presents the 10th Annual Celebration of the Arts EXPO MAD presents the 10th Annual Celebration of the Arts EXPO Kingston Midtown Arts District (MAD) presents its 10th Annual Celebration of the Arts EXPO which will take place Saturday, July 13, 2024, 10am – 4pm at the Kingston Center of SUNY Ulster at 94 Mary’s Avenue in Midtown Kingston, NY.
Celebration of the Arts EXPO (COA EXPO) is a FREE, community-wide event designed to introduce Kingston residents to local, working artists and engage them with hands-on opportunities to explore various art forms.
Professional working artists from Kingston will lead a range of workshops with assistance from the PUGG Youth Workforce at MAD. There will be workshops and activities for all ages and interests with no barriers to participation. Community members are free to observe or participate. No signups will be required and all art materials are supplied. This lively, fun day celebrates the arts, creativity and community of Kingston, and is open to all free of charge.
Past year’s workshops have included figure drawing, virtual reality, painting, comics, puppet-making, animation, improv comedy, music, writing and more.
Interested in exploring a special area of interest? Our dedicated PHOTOGRAPHY, and PRINTMAKING ROOMs will offer a variety of workshops and demonstrations all day.... Learn more
RESOURCES & SOCIAL MEDIA
- Madkingston.org
- Madkingston.org/contact-us/
- mail@madkingston.org
- https://www.facebook.com/madkingston/
- https://www.instagram.com/madkingston1/
- https://vimeo.com/madkingston
FreedomWalker’s Sources, Citations, Credits, and Links
COFFEE & GREEN TEA COMBO
- https://www.goodnewsnetwork.org/lost-donkey-seen-living-with-elk-herd-5-years-later-living-his-best-life/
- https://www.goodnewsnetwork.org/light-therapy-can-help-people-recover-from-major-brain-injuries-shows-study/
THE SPRUCE
- https://www.thesprucepets.com/how-to-clean-a-dirty-fish-tank-1380968
- https://www.africanbites.com/picnic-food-ideas
- https://www.countryliving.com/food-drinks/g783/picnic-recipes-0609/
- https://www.food.com/recipe/fantastic-old-fashioned-ice-cream-soda-130633
K-TOWN NEWS
- The Daily Freeman
- Kingston Happenings
- Radiokingston.org
beetle's Sources, Citations, Credits, and Links
(Re)Sources for Meta on the Meta: “On Denoting 2”
MULTIMEDIA
- "How Definite Descriptions work | Symbolic Logic Tutorial | Attic Philosophy." Attic Philosophy, Youtube. [17:10] In
this tutorial video, we look at how Definite Descriptions - phrases
like ‘the lecturer’ or ‘the best show on TV right now’ - work in logic.
We’ll meet a philosophical problem for understanding definite
descriptions, and how Bertrand Russell solved it, using identity in
first order logic. January 14, 2021.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cfk5zTau0LY
Articles, Bibliographies, Resources & Websites
- "On Denoting." Russell,
Bertrand. Mind,1905. By a `denoting phrase' I mean a phrase such as any
one of the following: a man, some man, any man, every man, all men, the
present King of England, the present King of France, the center of mass
of the solar system at the first instant of the twentieth century, the
revolution of the earth round the sun, the revolution of the sun round
the earth. Thus a phrase is denoting solely in virtue of its form.
bactra.org/Russell/denoting/
- "How to read philosophy." Attic Philosophy, Youtube. [15:47]
Reading philosophy is unlike reading anything else. It takes a special
set of skills to read philosophy successfully, and if you don't have
that toolkit, then reading philosophy can get frustrating. In this
video, I'm going to show you the tools that you need to read philosophy
successfully. March 18, 2023.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A9SQS8AdHXI
- “I
think the sort of philosophy I believe in is useful in this way: That
it enables people to act with vigor when they're not absolutely certain
that is the right action. I think nobody should be certain of
anything. If you're certain, then you're certainly wrong, because
nothing deserves certainty. So, why not hold all one's beliefs with a
certain element of doubt. And one ought to be able to act vigorously in
spite of the doubt. After all, this is what a general does when he's
planning a battle. He doesn't quite know what the enemy would do but if
he's a good general, he guesses right. If he's a bad general, he guesses
wrong. But one has, in practical life, to act upon probabilities. And
what I should look to philosophy to do, is to encourage people to act
with vigor without complete certainty.” Bertrand Russell on Philosophy, 1960 (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5IEYW5wuK3Y)
- "What is the closest thing to Earth ever discovered in the universe?" Quora.com. Accessed April 27, 2024. https://extremelyinterestingfacts.quora.com/What-is-the-closest-thing-to-Earth-ever-discovered-in-the-universe-1?ch=10&oid=1477743747284886&share=9c16f892&srid=hIB6L1&target_type=answer
- "Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus." Ludwig Wittgenstein; translated by C.K. Ogden. Chiron Academic Press - Sweden, 2016.
- "Wittgenstein’s Logical Atomism." Although it has few adherents today, logical atomism was once a leading movement of early twentieth-century analytic philosophy. Different, though related, versions of the view were developed by Bertrand Russell and Ludwig Wittgenstein. Russell’s logical atomism is set forth chiefly in his 1918 work “The Philosophy of Logical Atomism” (Russell 1956), Wittgenstein’s in his Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus of 1921 (Wittgenstein 1981). Plato.stanford.edu, revised September 13, 2022. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/wittgenstein-atomism/
- http://bactra.org/Russell/denoting/
- https://bertrandrussellsociety.org/
- https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/355
- http://www.iep.utm.edu/russ-eth
- http://www.iep.utm.edu/russ-log http://www.iep.utm.edu/russ-met
- https://librivox.org/author/1508
- https://www.merriam-webster.com/
- https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/621 https://openlibrary.org/authors/OL112912A
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_skepticism
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analogy
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belief#Justified_true_belief
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_Russell
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burden_of_proof_(philosophy)#Proving_a_negative
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confirmation_bias
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declarative_knowledge
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definite_description
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definitions_of_knowledge#Justified_true_belief
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denotation
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descriptivist_theory_of_names
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistemology
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existential_clause
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraordinary_claims_require_extraordinary_evidence
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_dilemma
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falsifiability
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gettier_problem
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitchens%27s_razor
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justification_(epistemology)
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knightian_uncertainty
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_by_acquaintance
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_excluded_middle
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_thought#The_three_traditional_laws
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necessary_and_sufficient
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occam%27s_razor
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_Denoting
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraconsistent_logic
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophic_burden_of_proof
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principle_of_bivalence
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propositional_function
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_modifier
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantifier_(logic)
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reductio_ad_absurdum
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell%27s_teapot
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statement_(logic)
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tautology_(logic)
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth_function
[Referenced / resourced, but not aired / read on-air]
Media, Articles, Bibliographies, Resources & Websites
- "Bertrand Russell Interview on Philosophy (1960)." Philosophy Overdose, Youtube. [13:06] A
reupload from the previous channel of a brief interview with Bertrand
Russell. More Short Videos and Clips:
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLhP9EhPApKE8v8UVlc7JuuNHwvhkaOvzc.
January 11, 2002. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5IEYW5wuK3Y
- "What is a Definite Description? (Philosophical Definition)." Carneades, Youtube. [2:03]
This video provides a very brief definition of a definite description
as defined by Bertrand Russell. Jan 20, 2019.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=btLfQX0PJ5k
- "Who Was Bertrand Russell? (Famous Philosopher)." Carneades.org, Youtube. [8:17] A
brief description of the life and work of Bertrand Russel, Founder of
Analytic Philosophy, Inventor of Type Theory, and most influential
Philosopher of the 20th Century. Including descriptions of his logic,
theory of truth, philosophy of language and political philosophy. April
16, 2017. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uxh8x1LEnQk
- "What is Bertrand Russels Barber Paradox?" Concerning Reality, Youtube. [2:14] Logical paradoxes are some of the most infuriating and frustrating problems that we can try to solve. As humans, we always want to find an answer and we naturally assume that an answer must exist. In the case of Bertrand Russell's Barber Paradox, a solution does exist, but it becomes even less obvious than other statements like it. Proposed by Bertrand Russell in the early 1900s, the barber paradox introduces a town where every single resident must be clean-shaven. There exists a barber in this town who only shaves residents who do not shave themselves. These statements may seem simple at first, but a paradoxical proposition arises: who shaves the barber? Let's take a look and see just what's going on in this puzzling paradox.... August 29, 2022. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lK5dWZZMfeo
- "What is Russell's Teapot? (Thought Experiment)." Carneades.org, Youtube. [3:17] A quick explanation of Russell's Teapot, a thought experiment demonstrating that the burden of proof rests on the claimant. Sponsors: Joshua Furman, Joshua Opell, NBA_Ruby, Eugene SY, Antoinemp1, Antibody, Ismail Fagundes, Adrien Ecoffet, Tom Amedro, Christopher McGevna, Joao Sa, and Dennis Sexton. Thanks for your support! February 28, 2021. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FsN3DCCTqpo
- "How
Anti-Trans Laws Played a Role in Nex Benedict's Death." Now This
Impact, Youtube. [2:27] Here’s how bullying, anti-LGBTQIA+ laws, and
online hate from far-right social media accounts contributed to the
tragic death of Nex Benedict. NowThis is your premier news outlet
providing you with all the videos you need to stay up to date on all the
latest in trending news. From entertainment to politics, to viral
videos and breaking news stories, we’re delivering all you need to know
straight to your social feeds. We live where you live. February 22,
2024. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bBjHF65h8Ps
- "Should You Obey the Law? - Philosophy Tube." Philosophy Tube, Youtube. [13:53] s What laws do you have to follow, and why should you follow them? Politics Playlist: https://www.youtu.be.com/playlist?list=PLvoAL-KSZ32fs6KX9IqqZY_0D4YXggcBN. April 3, 2015. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9dbGPzibXys
- "Metaethics:
Crash Course Philosophy #32." Crash Course, Youtube. [9:33] We begin
our unit on ethics with a look at metaethics. Hank explains three forms
of moral realism – moral absolutism, and cultural relativism, including
the difference between descriptive and normative cultural relativism –
and moral subjectivism, which is a form of moral antirealism. Finally,
we’ll introduce the concept of an ethical theory. October 2016.
https://youtu.be/FOoffXFpAlU
- "Crash
Course Ethics." Sacskeptics, Youtube Playlist. 8 videos, last updated
on May 17, 2020.
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLawiwPtG1RWYOivDnlEtvhHgk13bGcVkw
- "Learn the Law | Law vs. Ethics." Professor Ehsan Zaffar, Youtube. [6:44] For my LGS1101 Students: What is the difference between ethics and the law? Are all laws ethical? Does a system of ethics always need to conform to the law? (with a cameo by Amazon Echo, talk about privacy!) Learn more at http://www.ehsan.com. February 22, 2019. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tnw4-22j29w
- "Morals
| Ethics Defined." McCombs School of Business, Youtube. [1:56] Morals
are society’s accepted principles of right conduct that enable people to
live cooperatively. This video is part of Ethics Defined, an animated
library of more than 50 ethics terms and concepts from Ethics Unwrapped,
available at: https://ethicsunwrapped.utexas.edu/glossary. December 18,
2018. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0WxOGR6HKFs
- "What
is Ethics? (Ethics Defined, Ethics Meaning) (See link below for more
video lectures in Ethics)." [10:18] This video briefly discusses the
meaning, nature, and dynamics of ethics. Broadly construed, ethics is a
branch of philosophy that studies the rightness or wrongness of a human
action. Full transcript of this video is available at:
https://www.stuvia.com/doc/1208357/ethics-definition-and-major-types.
June 11, 2018. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rr7U49RPpTs
- "Dune: How Myths Create Reality." Wisecrack, Youtube. [14:18] Is Dune about sand worms? Sure. But what if the real narrative is about the power of human storytelling? Let's find out in this Wisecrack Edition on Dune: How Myths Create Reality. Written by Dean Varga Hosted by Michael Burns Directed by Michael Luxemburg Edited by Mark Potts Video Title Card by Amanda Murphy Produced by Evan Yee Additional Production Assistance by Matias Rubio & Olivia Redden. October 18, 2021. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QmAizA26KPo
- "The Dunning Kruger Effect." Sprouts, Youtube. [4:20] The Dunning Kruger Effect is a cognitive bias that makes people believe they are smarter and more capable than they actually are. The effect is related to people’s general inaptitude to recognize their lack of ability. To learn how this comes about and what you can do to avoid it from happening to you, watch our video. March 31, 2021. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4FGnb2lgPBA
- "The Dunning-Kruger Effect." Aperture, Youtube. [13:21] The Dunning-Kruger Effect - https://aperture.gg/dk Visit https://keeps.com/aperture to get 50% off your first order of hair loss treatment Merch: https://aperture.gg/merch “I am not a genius, I am just curious.” - Albert Einstein. October 15, 2021. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q9qjX1UhNo0
- "Why incompetent people think they're amazing - David Dunning." TED-Ed, Youtube. [5:07] View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-incomp... How good are you with money? What about reading people’s emotions? How healthy are you, compared to other people you know? Knowing how our skills stack up against others is useful in many ways. But psychological research suggests that we’re not very good at evaluating ourselves accurately. In fact, we frequently overestimate our own abilities. David Dunning describes the Dunning-Kruger effect. Lesson by David Dunning, directed by Wednesday Studio, music and sound by Tom Drew. Check out our Patreon page: https://www.patreon.com/teded. November 9, 2013. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pOLmD_WVY-E
- "Cognitive Dissonance: Our Battle With Conflicting Beliefs." Sprouts, Youtube. [5:53] Cognitive dissonance is based on the idea that when two ideas are psychologically not consistent with each other, we change them and make them consistent. If the two conflicting ideas are deeply ingrained in our identity, this mental imbalance can become overwhelming and intoxicate our thoughts — and as a result we may believe even the most absurd conspiracy theories. Watch this video about the origins of this idea and its original research from 1954. October 20, 2022. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GxAu7BTZQRY
- "21 Mind Traps : The Ultimate Guide to your most common Thinking errors." Escaping Ordinary (B.C Marx), Youtube. [21:55] You probably think you are in complete control of your decisions and thoughts. But how often are they guided by something else? Something you don’t even notice occurring deep within your mind. This series explores 21 different cognitive mind traps, fallacies, biases and other phenomenon that exist within your brain. January 19, 2023. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nYYkRaU0xh8
- "21
Mind Traps : The Ultimate Guide to your most common Thinking errors
(Part II)."
Escaping Ordinary (B.C Marx), Youtube. [20:32] You probably think you are in complete control of
your decisions and thoughts. But how often are they guided by something
else? Something you don’t even notice occurring deep within your mind.
This series explores 21 cognitive different mind traps, fallacies,
biases and other phenomenon that exist within your brain. January 19,
2023. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6G1F1KVeiNA
- "Asch’s Conformity Experiment on Groupthink." Sprouts, Youtube. [6:01] In the 1950s the psychologist Solomon Asch devised a study to investigate whether peer pressure can be strong enough to change our perception, and make us believe in things that are not true. To do so, he set up a clever experiment on conformity that raises questions about our ability to think freely. July 2, 2022. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WkK5eA_qhFk
- "Selection Bias: Don't Be Fooled!" Sprouts, Youtube. [6:18] This video was sponsored by Brilliant! To try everything Brilliant has to offer—free—for a full 30 days, visit http://brilliant.org/Sprouts/ . The first 200 of you will get 20% off Brilliant’s annual premium subscription. Selection bias is a common problem that can occur when analyzing data that is not fully representative of the information intended to be studied. This can lead to inaccurate conclusions and decisions that are not based on the full picture. A classic example of selection bias is the story of the statistician Abraham Wald and the missing US Air Force planes. March 16, 2023. https://youtu.be/_yR5wZsh4YI
- "Sapolsky’s Theory of Evolutionary Psychology." Sprouts, Youtube. [4:05] Robert Sapolsky's theory of behavioral biology claims that behind every human action is a biological explanation. The concept centers around the idea that in order to truly understand human behavior, we must study it at all levels — from what happens inside the brain a nano second before a behavior occurred all the way to the time when humans and apes last shared a common ancestor. This is our first video with sound effects — enjoy it on headphones. December 31, 2020. https://youtu.be/SpPWmul6gVs
- "Are we in control of our decisions? | Dan Ariely." TED, Youtube. [17:26] Behavioral economist Dan Ariely, the author of Predictably Irrational, uses classic visual illusions and his own counterintuitive (and sometimes shocking) research findings to show how we're not as rational as we think when we make decisions. TEDTalks is a daily video podcast of the best talks and performances from the TED Conference, where the world's leading thinkers and doers give the talk of their lives in 18 minutes. TED stands for Technology, Entertainment, Design, and TEDTalks cover these topics as well as science, business, development and the arts. Closed captions and translated subtitles in a variety of languages are now available on TED.com, at http://www.ted.com/translate. Watch a highlight reel of the Top 10 TEDTalks at http://www.ted.com/index.php/talks/top10. May 19, 2009. https://youtu.be/9X68dm92HVI
- "Skinner’s
Operant Conditioning: Rewards & Punishments." Sprouts, Youtube.
[4:46] Operant conditioning is based on the idea that we can increase or
decrease a certain behavior by adding a consequence. June 30, 2020.
https://youtu.be/ne6o-uPJarA
- "Self-Determination Theory: 3 Basic Needs That Drive Our Behavior." Sprouts, Youtube. [7:01] Self-determination theory argues that people are motivated to learn, grow and change their lives, if their three basic psychological needs are satisfied: competence, connection, and autonomy. People who are unable to fulfill these three needs, may feel amotivation, or need extrinsic rewards to learn or make changes. They often experience little control over their own lives, no sense of self-determination, and often also poor mental health. November 3, 2022. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_juPDoa3GBY
- "Determinism vs Free Will: Crash Course Philosophy #24." CrashCourse, Youtube. [10:25] Do we really have free will? Today Hank explores possible answers to that question, explaining theories like libertarian free will and its counterpoint, hard determinism. August 15, 2016. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vCGtkDzELAI
- "Compatibilism: Crash Course Philosophy #25." CrashCourse, Youtube. [8:54] As we continue explore free will, today Hank considers a middle ground between hard determinism and libertarian free will: compatibilism. This view seeks to find ways that our internally motivated actions can be understood as free in a deterministic world. We’ll also cover Frankfurt Cases and Patricia Churchland’s rejection of the free-or-not-free dichotomy and her focus on the amount of control we have over our actions. August 22, 2016. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KETTtiprINU
- "Free
Will versus Determinism - Psychology A-level Revision Video - Study
Rocket." Study Rocket, Youtube. [2:40] Explaining the difference between
free will and determinism. January 26, 2018.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uLWa1znMRAQ
- "PHILOSOPHY - Metaphysics: The Problem of Free Will [HD]." Wireless Philosophy, Youtube. [7:43] In this Wireless Philosophy video, Richard Holton (M.I.T.) discusses the classic philosophical problem of free will --- that is, the question of whether we human beings decide things for ourselves, or are forced to go one way or another. He distinguishes between two different worries. One worry is that the laws of physics, plus facts about the past over which we have no control, determine what we will do, and that means we're not free. Another worry is that because the laws and the past determine what we'll do, someone smart enough could know what we would do ahead of time, so we can't be free. He says the second worry is much worse than the first, but argues that the second doesn't follow from the first. May 23, 2013. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iSfXdNIolQA
- "Are Humans Still Evolving?" Be Smart, Youtube. [11:51] We’re living longer. Dying less. Human life expectancy has doubled in just a couple centuries. Machines and meals and medicines keeping us alive long past the age where we can make babies. Does this mean our species is no longer under the influence of natural selection? Have humans stopped evolving? May 19, 2022. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wEhOZJ55Ve8
- "Moral Luck: Crash Course Philosophy #39." CrashCourse, Youtube. [9:45] Can two people who make the same bad decision bear different levels of moral responsibility? Today, we try to address this question with the concept of moral luck. Hank explains the difference between moral and causal responsibility and the reasons we assign praise and blame. December 12, 2016. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DpDSPVv8lUE
- "PHILOSOPHY - Ethics: The Problem of Moral Luck." [6:11] Victor Kumar (Michigan) introduces the problem of moral luck and surveys potential solutions. We see how the problem arises out of a clash between intuitive reactions to cases and an abstract principle of moral responsibility. June 22, 2015. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HvqJ-s26ol4
- "The Morality of Chance: Thomas Nagel on Moral Luck." Marker Ninja Studios, Youtube. [6:40] How much are we morally responsible for things beyond our control? How much is within our control anyway? How are we to find reason and happiness in a world filled with chance at every twist and turn? Join us as we examine the pecularities in our moral judgements, and discuss their implications for our views of ourselves and others. October 29, 2017. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4swnDx8ohws
- "Language & Meaning: Crash Course Philosophy #26." CrashCourse, Youtube. [9:31] Today we start our unit on language with a discussion of meaning and how we assign and understand meaning. We’ll cover sense and reference, beetles in boxes, and language games. We’re also getting into the meaning-making game ourselves: bananas are now chom-choms. Pass it on. August 29, 2016. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zmwgmt7wcv8
- "Promising Against the Evidence #1 - Ethics | PHILOSOPHY." Wireless Philosophy, Youtube. [6:13] In this Wireless Philosophy video, Berislav Marušić (Brandeis University) talks about promises to do difficult things, such as the promise to spend the rest of one's life with someone. Beri explains that such promises pose a philosophical problem: they seem to be either insincere, in case one doesn't believe that one will keep them, or irrational, in case one does believe it. He describes how exactly the problem arises and sketches five possible responses. Thanks for watching! To learn more about philosophy and critical thinking, please subscribe! http://bit.ly/1vz5fK9/ March 30, 2018. https://youtu.be/-V8t8beCnnY
- "PHILOSOPHY - Rational Choice Theory: The Prisoner's Dilemma [HD]." Wireless Philosophy, Youtube. [10:33] In this Wireless Philosophy video, Professor Geoffrey Sayre-McCord (UNC-Chapel Hill) explains the prisoner's dilemma. The prisoner's dilemma is a scenario where all parties making rational choices ensures a less desired result for each than if each actor had chosen individually less-preferred options. July 3, 2015. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YGyZX0VoRpI
- "PHILOSOPHY - Epistemology: Rationality [HD]." Wireless Philosophy, Youtube. [6:27] Ram Neta (University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill) considers whether we're as rational as we often think we are. June 26, 2015. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lInyN-WD9u4
- "The Nonidentity Problem #1 - Ethics | WIRELESS PHILOSOPHY. [7:06] In this Wireless Philosophy video, Molly Gardner (Bowling Green State University) introduces the nonidentity problem. This problem arises in cases where an individual appears to be wronged by the very action upon which his or her own existence depends. We’ll see why this problem has implications for reproductive choices, genetic engineering, and whether we should take care of the environment for the sake of future generations. September 29, 2015. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=abPkNFzxeE4
- "The
paradox of choice | Barry Schwartz." [20:22] Psychologist Barry
Schwartz takes aim at a central tenet of western societies: freedom of
choice. In Schwartz's estimation, choice has made us not freer but more
paralyzed, not happier but more dissatisfied. January 16, 2007.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VO6XEQIsCoM
- "Kohlberg’s 6 Stages of Moral Development." SPROUTS, Youtube. [6:45] Lawrence Kohlberg's theory claims that our development of moral reasoning happens in six stages: 1. Obedience and Punishment, 2. Self-interest 3. Interpersonal Accord and Conformity 4.Authority and maintaining social order, 5.Social Contract, 6.Universal Ethical principles. Kohlberg claims that we reach one stage after another showing an ever-deeper understanding of moral questions. The stages themselves are structured in three levels: Pre-Conventional, Conventional and Post-Conventional. November 29, 2019. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bounwXLkme4
- "Why trust is so important and how we can get more of it? | Dan Ariely | TEDxJaffa." TEDx Talks, Youtube. [22:57] Trust is a crucial, yet often under-valued and under-appreciated force. In this talk Dan describes the importance of trust, some of the building blocks of trust and how we can design mechanisms and society in a way that will give us more trust. For more information on this particular TEDx event, see http://www.tedxjaffa.com Despite our intentions, why do we so often fail to act in our own best interest? Why do we promise to skip the chocolate cake, only to find ourselves drooling our way into temptation when the dessert tray rolls around? Why do we overvalue things that we’ve worked to put together? What are the forces that influence our behavior? Dan Ariely, James B. Duke Professor of Psychology & Behavioral Economics at Duke University, is dedicated to answering these questions and others in order to help people live more sensible – if not rational – lives. His interests span a wide range of behaviors, and his sometimes unusual experiments are consistently interesting, amusing and informative, demonstrating profound ideas that fly in the face of common wisdom. He is a founding member of the Center for Advanced Hindsight, co-creator of the film documentary (Dis)Honesty: The Truth About Lies, and a three-time New York Times bestselling author. His books include Predictably Irrational, The Upside of Irrationality, The Honest Truth About Dishonesty, Irrationally Yours, Payoff and Dollars and Sense. In 2013 Bloomberg recognized Dan as one of Top 50 Most Influential thinkers. Dan can be found at http://www.danariely.com This talk was given at a TEDx event using the TED conference format but independently organized by a local community. Learn more at https://www.ted.com/tedx. October 20, 2017. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WHyApqVjddQ
- "Assisted Death & the Value of Life: Crash Course Philosophy #45." CrashCourse, Youtube. [9:53] As we wrap up Crash Course Philosophy, we’re using the things we’ve learned to explore big issues like the value of life. Today, we’re discussing abortions in cases of fetal abnormality, assisted suicide, and euthanasia. We will consider the standard of substituted judgment and the values people hold on both sides of these issues—values about the sacredness of life, and the importance of a life of quality, as well as the values of personal liberty and avoiding pain. February 6, 2017. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3IsloHmKvWA
- "Poverty & Our Response to It: Crash Course Philosophy #44." CrashCourse, Youtube. [8:53] We’re picking up where we left off last time, exploring the “ethics of care” and how it applies to extreme poverty. Are we responding to global poverty in a moral way? Philosophers like Peter Singer argue that we have an obligation to prevent harm caused by poverty, whereas Garrett Hardin offers a “lifeboat analogy” to explain our obligations to focus on caring for our own. January 30, 2017. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D5sknLy7Smo
- "What Is a Good Life?: Crash Course Philosophy #46." CrashCourse, Youtube. [9:18] In our final episode of Crash Course Philosophy, we consider what it means to live a good life. We’ll look at the myth of Sisyphus, Robert Nozick’s experience machine, Aristotle’s eudaimonistic picture of a good human life, and the existentialists’ view that we each determine the value of our own lives. And we’ll think about how you, too, can live the life of a philosopher. February 13, 2017. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ra1Dmz-5HjU
- "Kant
& Categorical Imperatives: Crash Course Philosophy #35."
CrashCourse, Youtube. [10:26] Our next stop on our tour of ethics is
Kant’s ethics. Today Hank explains hypothetical and categorical
imperatives, the universalizability principle, autonomy, and what it
means to treat people as ends-in-themselves, rather than as mere means.
November 14, 2016. https://youtu.be/8bIys6JoEDw
- "The Paradox of Kant's Law (Ought Implies Can)." Carneades.org, Youtube. [5:48] Deontic Logic (The Logic of Ethics) A description of the paradox for Kant's law (ought implies can) which comes out of Deontic Logic, and several possible solutions. Information for this video gathered from The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy, The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy and more! Information for this video gathered from The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy, The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy and more! December 6, 2015. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qjNs4t4GQ2A
- "Thomas Nagel - You Should Act Morally as a Matter of Consistency." Apologetics University, Youtube. [9:05] Thomas Nagel argues against a moral skeptic that doesn't care about others. He argues that moral right and wrong is a matter of consistently applying reasons. If you recognize that someone has a reason not to harm you in a certain situation, then, as a matter of consistency, that reason applies to you in a similar situation. In today's video, I lay out Thomas Nagel's argument, and I raise objections to it. This is the 7th installment in the Exploring Ethics Series. It will help you better understand moral skepticism so you can thoughtfully address it when it arises in everyday life. April 10, 2020. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3uoNCciEYao
- "PHILOSOPHY - The Problem of Other Minds ." Wireless Philosophy, Youtube. [4:49] In this Wireless Philosophy video, Mason Westfall talks about the problem of other minds, a skeptical challenge to our ability to understand one another. Check out the video on our website: https://www.youtube.com/redirect?event=video_description&redir_token=QUFFLUhqbk55MDcyU0tYSl9WZGs3dUNVSHVISTFzenpPd3xBQ3Jtc0trYXY5Y2J2blBFbVhmc2JZX0p6cGFwdnpuTXFHOU0wVFhlenM2R1lmODloTlItUWhOMHRCdTJfNTNTUlhWTFZsdkhQSHZqaGN2MTIwVWo5V3c3SUdhdklqTmJBbnRpSEdqYS1DaWNLanlXUHhkank0SQ&q=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wi-phi.com%2Fvideos%2Fthe-problem-of-other-minds%2F&v=mQ0DJYJ8USY. September 6, 2021. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mQ0DJYJ8USY
- "PHILOSOPHY - Replies to the Problem of Other Minds." Wireless Philosophy, Youtube. [6:43] In this Wireless Philosophy video, Mason Westfall talks about some replies to the problem of other minds. Check out the video on our website: https://www.youtube.com/redirect?event=video_description&redir_token=QUFFLUhqbFpBS1lLdGFmNmJHY29qa2huOHpMVHpMN3NiZ3xBQ3Jtc0trSnpsdzFwZ1Bwd3g1YUtPSEhnSHJKdTZsbHNsTUtEa0M5UGxWYXZXR0NXZHdRWlNYZFJmZlI5TGUtMHJaQTcwWlRZLWZPblNOekF0cGdjNk5XRHk3NERYSUlsSHhhV3J5UFF6RG53OGx1NkRvZGVpSQ&q=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wi-phi.com%2Fvideos%2Freplies-to-the-problem-of-other-minds%2F&v=xVf31DF_lm8. September 10, 2021. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xVf31DF_lm8
- "Solipsism and the Problem of Other Minds." Philosophy Vibe, Youtube. [14:08] Join George and John as they discuss and debate different Philosophical ideas. Today they will be looking into Solipsism and the problem of other minds. Solipsism in the belief that the only certain knowledge one can have is the existence of their own minds, everything outside of their minds can therefore be doubted. Along with the material world all other minds are brought into doubt. A Solipsist will argue there is no way any other mind can ever be directly perceived or verified and so they have every right to believe they are the only mind that exists. The Solipsist therefore believes they exist alone in reality. In this video George will be arguing from a Solipsist position whilst John will discuss the flaws with the theory. July 5, 2020. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J39xyhtoyTY
- '"They’re Made Out of Meat" by Terry Bisson Video Presentation.' ALTman, Youtube. [6:59] Audio from Phonian Worlds. May 25, 2021. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Oxt1nBBllHo
- What
is it Like to be a Bat? - the hard problem of consciousness." Jeffrey
Kaplan, Youtube. [30:54] This is a video about Thomas Nagel's famous
1974 Philosophical Review paper, "What is the like to be a bat?" The
paper introduces a novel argument against physicalism. The basic idea is
that consciousness embodies (or can only be understood) from a
subjective point of view. But physical science, by definition, gets away
from subjective perspectives and goes toward objective understanding.
So when one tries to give a scientific account of conscious experience,
one ends up getting farther away from the very phenomenon that one set
out to understand. It is also mentioned that dualism may be no better
off at explaining consciousness. This video also includes a list of
approximate synonyms for consciousness, including qualia, the phenomenal
character of experience, phenomenonolgy, qualia, etc. This is part of
an introductory-level philosophy course. September 4, 2020.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aaZbCctlll4
- "Personal
Identity - Philosophy Tube." Philosophy Tube, Youtube. [8:15] Who are
you? And how do you know? And what makes it so? We explore the question
of what makes you you over time. April 18, 2014.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cYVFep0xFYs
- "DB2019 - Andy and Jacob perform "They're Made Out of Meat" by Terry Bisson." DesertBusFor Hope, Youtube. [5:23] Andy and Jacob perform "They're Made Out of Meat" by Terry Bisson https://www.desertbus.org Uploaded by the Desert Bus Video Strike Team. November 11, 2019. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AtUExOoGx7g
- "Why the Backrooms are Terrifying." Tale Foundry, Youtube. [20:42] The Back Rooms are one of the strangest internet phenomena in the last decade. Why are people so gripped by this yellow, parallel dimension office-labyrinth? Why is it so scary? June 23, 2023. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PfrtN2LlgSI
- "All the Papers Lied Tonight." MrCreepyPasta, Youtube. [14:00] So this is probably more a Weepy Wednesday kind story but... not sure how to category this on... Original Story can be found here: https://www.reddit.com/r/nosleep/comments/1692on/all_the_papers_lied_tonight/. January 15, 2013. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wfzxsdUnk8Y
- '"Letter to the Landlord" | CreepyPasta Storytime.' MrCreepypasta, Youtube. [17:31] TheJesseClark tells us about a man in a scary situation with a serios reason to complain. September 2018. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ngDNlE29o-s
- "Short lecture explaining Compositionality." Jeffrey Kaplan, Youtube. [2:42] This is a short lecture providing one of the foundational and essential comcepts needed for a semester-long Philosophy of Language college/university course. The compositionality of langauge is that feature of language by which the meanings of whole sentences or phrases are composed out of the meanings of parts of those sentences (i.e., words). This might seem obvious, but it is the thing that allows human beings to generate and understand wholly new or novel sentences, and understand them the very first time they hear them. June 29, 2023. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZWP6Sv2_8c8
- "Problem of Other Minds." [43:05] Philosophy of Mind. Do we know what others are thinking or feeling? Indeed, do we even know that others have thoughts or feelings at all? If so, how? Jack Reynolds gives an introductory talk on this topic and considers two main types of response to the “problem of other minds”: those that are inferential in nature and argue that perception of others alone is an insufficient justification, requiring either an argument by analogy, or an inference to the best explanation; those that are non-inferential in nature, advocating either direct perception of others in some core emotions, or the view that certain experiences that we do have (e.g. shame) presuppose the existence of others. This was from a talk given by Jack Reynolds back in 2013 at La Trobe University as part of a series on philosophical problems. June 16, 2022. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0VDKkH0VOGs
- "The Epistemic Regress Problem - Epistemology | WIRELESS PHILOSOPHY." Wireless Philosophy, Youtube. [10:55] "But why?". In this Wireless Philosophy video, Kevin McCain (University of Alabama at Birmingham) explains the Epistemic Regress Problem. The epistemic regress problem arises from the need to give a reason for your belief, a reason for that reason, and so on. After explaining the problem, he explains how the problem has been used to argue in favor of skepticism, and discusses three possible solutions to the problem. October 13, 2017. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MAZ8awuILJg
- "The Hard Problem of Consciousness." Jeffrey Kaplan, Youtube. [24:53] September 9, 2020. This is a lecture video about "The Puzzle of Conscious Experience" by David Chalmers. In this 2002 article from Scientific American, Chalmers distinguishes the easy problems of consciousness from what he calls the hard problem of consciousness. He explains how there are three broad responses to the hard problem (optimistic reductionism, mysterianism, and dualism, though he does not use the term "dualism"), and how all current neuropsychological research only attempts to solve the easy problems. There is also discussion of potential psychophysical laws. This is part of an introductory philosophy course. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7KWFhW0klf4
- "PHILOSOPHY - Mind: Mind-Body Dualism [HD]." Wireless Philosophy, Youtube. [8:24] Are we just physical things? Or perhaps just mental things? Maybe both? In this video, Alex Byrne (MIT) explains a modern argument due to Saul Kripke for mind-body dualism. September 19, 2014. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AMTMtWHclKo
- "Personal Identity - Philosophy Tube." Philosophy Tube, Youtube. [8:15] Who are you? And how do you know? And what makes it so? We explore the question of what makes you you over time. April 18, 2014. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cYVFep0xFYs
- 'What
Philosophers Mean by "Mental" and "Physical."' Jeffrey Kaplan, Youtube.
[3:39] This is just a short video explaining the terms "mental"
"physical" as they are used in contemporary academic philosophy of mind.
I also give very basic explanations of Dualism and Physicalism. This
video functions as a transition within Introduction to Philosophy
between the unit where we read all 6 of Descartes' Meditations and the
unit where we focus on the mind-body problem. July 13, 2020.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P3pmVf3Gs70&t=0s
- "The Mind-Brain Identity Theory." Jeffrey Kaplan, Youtube. [33:51] This is a video lecture about a the 1956 paper "Is Consciousness a Brain Process?" by U.T. Place. This lecture distinguishes the "is"s of identity, prediction, definition, and composition. And I explain how Place uses these distinctions to defend the identity theory from a common line of attack. The central idea is that the mind-brain identity theory is a scientific hypothesis, which cannot be rejected or disproven on logical grounds alone. This is part of an introductory philosophy course. August 21, 2020. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zO0slzSux
- "Arguments Against Personal Identity: Crash Course Philosophy #20." CrashCourse, Youtube. [9:43] How can Daenerys Targaryen help us understand personal identity? Find out as Hank continues our exploration of personal identity, learning about Hume’s bundle theory and Parfit’s theory of survival through psychological connectedness. July 11, 2016. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=17WiQ_tNld4
- "Personal Identity: Crash Course Philosophy #19." CrashCourse, Youtube. [8:32] Today Hank is building on last week’s exploration of identity to focus on personal identity. Does it in reside in your body? Is it in the collective memories of your consciousness? There are, of course, strengths and weaknesses to both of these ideas, and that’s what we’re talking about today. January 27, 2016. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=trqDnLNRuSc
- "Where Does Your Mind Reside?: Crash Course Philosophy #22." CrashCourse, Youtube. [9:06] August 1, 2016. Today we continue our unit on identity by asking where the mind resides. Hank explains the mind-body problem and several approaches to the question of where our minds reside, including reductive physicalism, substance dualism, and mysterianism. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3SJROTXnmus
- "Personhood: Crash Course Philosophy #21." CrashCourse, Youtube. [9:13] Now that we’ve started talking about identity, today Hank tackles the question of personhood. Philosophers have tried to assess what constitutes personhood with a variety of different criteria, including genetic, cognitive, social, sentience, and the gradient theory. As with many of philosophy’s great questions, this has much broader implications than simple conjecture. The way we answer this question informs all sorts of things about the way we move about the world, including our views on some of our greatest social debates. July 25, 2016. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GxM9BZeRrUI
- "The Mind-Brain Identity Theory." Jeffrey Kaplan, Youtube. [33:51] This is a video lecture about a the 1956 paper "Is Consciousness a Brain Process?" by U.T. Place. This lecture distinguishes the "is"s of identity, prediction, definition, and composition. And I explain how Place uses these distinctions to defend the identity theory from a common line of attack. The central idea is that the mind-brain identity theory is a scientific hypothesis, which cannot be rejected or disproven on logical grounds alone. This is part of an introductory philosophy course. August 21, 2020.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zO0slzSuxpI
- "Language & Meaning: Crash Course Philosophy #26." CrashCourse, Youtube. [9:31] Today we start our unit on language with a discussion of meaning and how we assign and understand meaning. We’ll cover sense and reference, beetles in boxes, and language games. We’re also getting into the meaning-making game ourselves: bananas are now chom-choms. Pass it on. August 29, 2016. https://youtu.be/zmwgmt7wcv8?si=N1Ov3n0XxBd1TEzi
- "Netflix
& Chill: Crash Course Philosophy #27." CrashCourse, Youtube. [9:10]
Last week we talked about language and meaning. Today, Hank explores
some of the things that complicate meaning and how we get around that.
We’ll explain conversational implicature, the cooperative principle, and
the four main maxims of successful communication, as laid out by Paul
Grice, as well as performative utterances. September 12, 2016.
https://youtu.be/G30m6XDBTh4?si=GXtbdpb_Vxt3VlgC
- "Batman & Identity: Crash Course Philosophy #18." CrashCourse, Youtube. [9:08] Hank explores different ways of understanding identity – including the Indiscernibility of Identicals, and essential and accidental properties. In what ways does affect identity? In what ways does it not? What does it mean for a thing to persist over time? June 20, 2016. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-TFCMK4i2lo
- "Princess
Elisabeth's attack on Descartes' Dualist Theory of Mind (from 1643)."
Jeffrey Kaplan, Youtube. [15:39] This is a video lecture about The
Problem of Mental Causation. This is a problem that is at the heart of
all of philosophy of mind for the last several hundred years. It was
presented by Princess Elisabeth of Bohemia in a letter to Rene Descartes
in the spring of 1643. Put very briefly, Princess Elisabeth's point is
simply that the mind, which Descartes understands as wholly
non-physical/immaterial cannot move the material body because in order
for something to move a physical object the mover must itself be an
extended physical object capable of physical contact. This is part of an
Introduction to Philosophy course. July 13, 2020.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kJIZzmUpfmk
- "René Descartes - Meditation #6 - Proof of the Physical World & Distinction Between Mind and Body." Jeffrey Kaplan, Youtube. [28:50] This is a video lecture about the sixth and final Meditation on First Philosophy by Rene Descartes. In it, Descartes argues that the physical world outside of his own mind does exist, though it may be that he is wrong about some of the specific details of physical reality. He does this by arguing that God would be a deceiver if there were no physical world in general, but a few mistakes here or there do not demonstrate that God is a deceiver. He then offers two arguments for Dualism, the theory of mind according to which the mind and the body are two distinct things. The conceivability argument comes first, but it is more complicated, so I don't discuss it here because this is part of an introduction to philosophy. The divisibility argument is discussed at length. The basic idea is that the mind and body cannot be the same because the mind is indivisible while the body is divisible. July 9, 2020. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5zkfRY1WJHc
- "What is a Counterexample? (and why philosophers use fictional examples)." [10:14] This is a short lecture video explaining one of the most common and most powerful philosophical tools: the counterexample. Counterexamples are examples that are given to disprove a general claim. This video also explains how general claims centrally involving a concept--i.e., those claims about conceptual truths--can be proven false with the use of a fictional or even impossible counterexample. August 17, 2020. https://youtu.be/jPdZ42UX41A?si=SQrz9ELOi0f5VUj9
- "Gilbert Ryle attacks Descartes' Dualism as a 'Category Mistake'." Jeffrey Kaplan, Youtube. [15:56] This is a lecture video about a selection from Gilbert Ryle objecting to what he calls "the Official Doctrine," which is the dualist theory of mind espoused by Rene Descartes and many other philosophers following him. Ryle claims that dualists are making a 'category mistake'. He explains the idea of a category mistake with a famous example of a visitor to Oxford University. The reading also includes several other examples of category mistakes. When applied to the mind, Ryle is claiming that the dualist's mistake is to think that the mind is in the same logical category as physical objects. Instead it is not some additional thing, but rather just some ways that physical things are arranged and interact. July 14, 2020. https://youtu.be/gA-2Gc3PztI?si=H2T4GuynVbAzxqJX
- "The Zombie Argument (from David Chalmers)." Jeffrey Kaplan, Youtube. [18:26] This is a lecture video about a short article by Amy Kind, wherein she explains David Chalmers' famous Zombie argument against physicalism. A "zombie" is a philosophical term for a creature that is micro-physically identical to a normal human being, but who doesn't have any consciousness. The argument, briefly and roughly, is that such a creature seems conceivable, which means that such a creature is metaphysically possible. If zombies are possible, then consciousness cannot be identical with any physical state of affairs, meaning that physicalism is false. This video lecture is part of an introductory philosophy course. September 10, 2020. https://youtu.be/VLzmYjviDsk?si=iuvK1pjJL99P3_Ht
- "Functionalism." Jeffrey Kaplan, Youtube. [29:24] This is a video lecture about Hilary Putnam's Multiple Realizability argument against the mind-brain identity theory and his argument for the functionalist theory of mind. Functionalism is the theory that being in a mental state just is being a functional state, with certain inputs and outputs, or causes and effects. This is part of an introductory level philosophy course, focusing on the philosophy of mind. August 28, 2020. https://youtu.be/rd8sITBnijg?si=GkTX0HjlTzidJlG0
- "What is Physicalism? | Philosophy Glossary." Attic Philosophy, Youtube. [5:53] What is physicalism, and what does it say about the mind and consciousness? You'll know in under 5 minutes of this Philosophy Glossary explainer! October 1, 2022. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TnBI9RaC7CA
- "What are Qualia?" Attic Philosophy, Youtube. [4:51] Qualia are the mystery element of consciousness: the intrinsic features of conscious experience. What does that mean, how can we understand the idea philosophically, and do they pose a problem for physical theories of the mind? You’ll know in under 5 minutes of this Philosophy Glossary explainer! November 26, 2022. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Wr0WZMpv7g
- "Functionalism about the Mind | Philosophy Glossary." [7:13] What is Functionalism, and what's it got to do with the mind? You'll know all about the Functionalist Theory of Mind in 5 minutes of this Philosophy Glossary explainer! September 10, 2022. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=swF4c-IHbQ8
- "Behaviourism | Philosophy Glossary." [6:32] What is behaviourism in philosophy? Is it a theory of the mind, or a theory about the meanings of words? What does it say about mental states like belief, and experiences like pain? You'll know in 5 minutes of this Philosophy Glossary explainer! Sorry about the sound quality in this one – I completely messed up the recording! August 27, 2022. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=96Ipwy6Wjuc
- "Identity Theory of Mind | Philosophy Glossary," [6:10] What is an Identity Theory in philosophy? And specifically, what is the identity theory of mind? What different kinds of identity theory are there, and what problems do they have? You'll know in 5 minutes of this Philosophy Glossary explainer! Sorry about the sound quality in this one – I completely messed up the recording! September 3, 2022. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4FYCGPzFMeI
- "They're Everywhere." MrCreepyPasta, Youtube. [2:31] You guys ready for next week?.... Spring Break SPOOKTACULAR Check out My New Website for More Creepy Pasta Narrations: http://www.creepypastanetwork.com Original story: http://creepypasta.wikia.com/wiki/The... April 3, 2013. https://youtu.be/TtD7m-e5Olo?si=OqRSspVEWIt1xl6k
- "We Should All Fear The Old Horns" Creepypasta | Scary Stories from Reddit Nosleep." The Dark Somnium, Youtube. [17:58] We Should All Fear The Old Horns is a creepypasta story from the nosleep subreddit. The song in this story is one i wrote called "the old horns" you can listen to it on my music channel: • "The Old Horns" Dark Cinematic Gregor... Special thanks to my guest narrator MrblackAA, make sure to check out his channel! March 19, 2019. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gcU17DP3C9k
- '"How I became a God" Creepypasta | Scary Stories from Reddit Nosleep.' The Dark Somnium, Youtube. [33:08] This is a creepypasta scary story from the nosleep reddit page, written by BrittonRT, make sure to check out the original story and support the author!https://old.reddit.com/r/nosleep/comments/ii2ntr/how_i_became_a_god/. August 28, 2020. https://youtu.be/LOm_Uw9Ck9c?si=aJReO_RhpWcvwifG
- '"If you're on the last bus for the night, there are some rules on how to survive it." Creepypasta.' CreepsMcPasta, Youtube. [25:13] Creepypastas are the campfire tales of the internet. Horror stories spread through Reddit r/nosleep, forums and blogs, rather than word of mouth. Whether you believe these scary stories to be true or not is left to your own discretion and imagination. June 24, 2021. https://youtu.be/OFV81gdy1CM?si=SDMoxMvMNOBLeO5n
- '"I'm pretty sure one of us is possessed. Like, almost certain" Creepypasta.' CreepyMcPasta, Youtube. [35:21] Exorcisms are a dangerous job. What's worse is that they can lead to messy results. If you enjoyed the video, please leave a like. It really helps out. CREEPYPASTA STORY►by PeteTheSeed: https://www.reddit.com/r/nosleep/comments/al4gup/im_pretty_sure_one_of_us_is_possessed_like_almost/. April 1, 2019. https://youtu.be/lPLanyRxrmI?si=25uouDdPy1_UsPl5
- "Contextualism about Knowledge | Philosophy Glossary." Attic Philosophy, Youtube. [8:05] What is Contextualism, and what does it say about knowledge and scepticism? You'll know in just over 5 minutes of this Philosophy Glossary explainer! October 15, 2022. https://youtu.be/Sqef6qjGs-I?si=GsjTgrPIKGK41Frc
- "Rationalism | Philosophy Glossary." Attic Philosophy, Youtube. [6:22] What is Rationalism, how does it contrast with Empiricism, and what does it say about knowledge and justification? You'll know in just over 5 minutes of this Philosophy Glossary explainer! October 26, 2022. https://youtu.be/_HzyKsb2fZ4?si=CFQ3AKPhu9XKs-Uv
- "Where does knowledge come from?" Attic Philosophy, Youtube. [4:18] What is Empiricism, how does it contrast with Rationalism, and what does it say about knowledge and justification? You'll know in just over 5 minutes of this Philosophy Glossary explainer! November 2, 2022. https://youtu.be/uDf4uZUgLzI?si=6zBPPqvraJMJWzyx
- "What do A Priori / A Posteriori mean? | Philosophy Glossary." Attic Philosophy, Youtube. [4:36] Here's the first Philosophy Glossary explainer: what does A Priori mean? You'll know in under 5 minutes! 00:00 - Intro 00:43 - Definitions 00:58 - Example: knowledge of maths 01:59 - Clarifying the definition 03:30 - When these terms come up. July 9, 2022. https://youtu.be/tYfLejwA_Rs?si=fig8WTrhRlbg7qTK
- "What are Qualia?" Attic Philosophy, Youtube. [4:51] Qualia are the mystery element of consciousness: the intrinsic features of conscious experience. What does that mean, how can we understand the idea philosophically, and do they pose a problem for physical theories of the mind? You’ll know in under 5 minutes of this Philosophy Glossary explainer! November 26, 2022. https://youtu.be/8Wr0WZMpv7g?si=NaMEsqb-60FARSe9
- "Do you know anything?" Attic Philosophy, Youtube. [9:50] External world scepticism questions whether you know anything at all about the world outside your own mind. In this video, we cover what external world scepticism (or skepticism) is, what the arguments for it are, and why many philosophers take it to be a really serious problem. November 19, 2023. https://youtu.be/YRT9dwAEBFE?si=ywRlBt6GC57wjjnS
- "Philosophy Glossary." Attic Philosophy, Youtube. [19 Videos, last updated December 19, 2022.] https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLwSlKSRwxX0rIn4SN9i9pupQMgwAxFPN0
- "How
to read philosophy." Attic Philosophy, Youtube. [15:47] Reading
philosophy is unlike reading anything else. It takes a special set of
skills to read philosophy successfully, and if you don't have that
toolkit, then reading philosophy can get frustrating. In this video,
I'm going to show you the tools that you need to read philosophy
successfully. March 18, 2023.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A9SQS8AdHXI
- "Do you know anything?" Attic Philosophy, Youtube. [9:50] External world scepticism questions whether you know anything at all about the world outside your own mind. In this video, we cover what external world scepticism (or skepticism) is, what the arguments for it are, and why many philosophers take it to be a really serious problem. November 19, 2023. https://youtu.be/YRT9dwAEBFE?si=ywRlBt6GC57wjjnS
- "I Called Out My WHOLE Family For Preferring My Sister And It Backfired r/Relationships." Mark Narrations, Youtube. [27:03] Relationship Reddit Stories, OP claims his sister is the preferred child of the family and calls her and the rest of the family out for their behaviour but it all backfires. January 21, 2022. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gGh01f7oV3k
- "Wittgenstein and Russell." Attic Philosophy, Youtube. [8 videos, updated December 15, 2023] https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLwSlKSRwxX0olUW6uwBhZOKcAGa-Zvb4L
- "Bertrand Russell." Attic Philosophy, Youtube. [16:10] Bertrand Russell was a philosopher, logician, and mathematician, who became a world-famous popular writer on religion, marriage, pacifism, nuclear disarmament, and many other important topics. He’s one of my all-time favourite philosophers. You can support the channel and help it grow by contributing on my Ko-fi page: https://ko-fi.com/atticphilosophy. October 1, 2023. https://youtu.be/lUtUFeprBiM?si=R3E7B-eB8vLz3g9h
- "Wittgenstein." Attic Philosophy, Youtube. [21:05]
Ludwig Wittgenstein is probably the most famous and influential
philosopher of the Twentieth Century. But his philosophy is mysterious
and fiendishly difficult to understand. This video tells the story of
Wittgenstein's life and his philosophical ideas. You can support the
channel and help it grow by contributing on my Ko-fi page: https://
Ko-fi.com/atticphilosophy. April 15, 2023.
https://youtu.be/X_NL-uW2V4c?si=nP_F4ttgXwQB4rns
- "Bertrand Russell's Philosophy." Attic Philosophy, Youtube. [17:34] Bertrand Russell was one of the most influential philosophers of the 20th Century. In this video, I explain some of his most important ideas, covering analytic philosophy, realism and idealism, language, knowledge, perception, the mind, ethics, politics, and religion. You can support the channel and help it grow by contributing on my Ko-fi page: https://ko-fi.com/atticphilosophy. October 14, 2023. https://youtu.be/fJ7kLxnRzBw?si=OJMG9YSbwED3_rOP
- "Ethics
Defined (a glossary)." McCombs School of Business – The University of
Texas at Austin, Ethicsunwrapped.utexas.edu. Productive discussions have
a shared vocabulary. Many scholars contributed to this glossary to
provide common ground for enlightened conversation in the realm of
ethics and leadership.More than 50 animated two-minute videos define key
ethics terms and behavioral ethics concepts. #EducateYourself.
https://ethicsunwrapped.utexas.edu/glossary
- "Ethics." McCombs School of Business – The University of Texas at Austin, Ethicsunwrapped.utexas.edu, accessed January 11, 2022. The term ethics often describes the investigation and analysis of moral principles and dilemmas. Traditionally, philosophers and religious scholars have studied ethics. More recently, scholars from various disciplines have entered the field, creating new approaches to the study of ethics such as behavioral ethics and applied ethics. https://ethicsunwrapped.utexas.edu/glossary/ethics
- "Morals." "Ethics." McCombs School of Business – The University of Texas at Austin, Ethicsunwrapped.utexas.edu, accessed January 11, 2022. Morals are the prevailing standards of behavior that enable people to live cooperatively in groups. Moral refers to what societies sanction as right and acceptable. https://ethicsunwrapped.utexas.edu/glossary/morals
- "Ethics vs. Morals." Diffen.com, accessed January 11, 2022. Ethics and morals relate to “right” and “wrong” conduct. While they are sometimes used interchangeably, they are different: ethics refer to rules provided by an external source, e.g., codes of conduct in workplaces or principles in religions. Morals refer to an individual’s own principles regarding right and wrong. https://www.diffen.com/difference/Ethics_vs_Morals
- "What’s the Difference Between Morality and Ethics?" Cydney Grannan, Britannica.com. Generally, the terms ethics and morality are used interchangeably, although a few different communities (academic, legal, or religious, for example) will occasionally make a distinction. In fact, Britannica’s article on ethics considers the terms to be the same as moral philosophy. While understanding that most ethicists (that is, philosophers who study ethics) consider the terms interchangeable, let’s go ahead and dive into these distinctions. Accessed January 11, 2022. ttps://www.britannica.com/story/whats-the-difference-between-morality-and-ethics
- “If
you wish to make an apple pie from scratch, you must first invent the
universe.” Carl Sagan, Cosmos. Accessed July 6, 2021.
https://www.goodreads.com/quotes/32952-if-you-wish-to-make-an-apple-pie-from-scratch
- "Robbers Cave Experiment." Theodore, Editor,
Practicalpie.com. Did you read Lord of the Flies in middle school or
high school? Even if you skimmed over the book, you might remember what
it’s about. A group of boys find themselves stranded on a desert island
without adult supervision. As they try to establish a society, they turn
on each other in desperation, and things get brutal. Accessed December
5, 2021. https://practicalpie.com/robbers-cave-experiment
- "Open Education Sociology Dictionary: Thomas theorem." Sociologydictionary.com, accessed September 14, 2021.Definition of Thomas Theorem(noun) The theory that if we define something as real, or believe that something is real, it is real in its consequences. https://sociologydictionary.org/thomas-theorem/
- "Grice's Maxims." Sas.upenn.edu, accessed August 3, 2021. https://www.sas.upenn.edu/~haroldfs/dravling/grice.html
- "The View From Halfway Down (Poem)." Fandom.com, accessed June 20, 2021. The View From Halfway Down is a symbolic poem read by Secretariat in The View from Halfway Down, in Season 6. https://bojackhorseman.fandom.com/wiki/The_View_From_Halfway_Down_(Poem)
- "Wubba Lubba dub-dub." Wubba Lubba Dub-Dub is Rick's catchphrase, which he recurrently uses in the show, mostly in season one. He uses this phrase every time he's happy or makes a joke. It also means “I am in great pain.” Rickandmorty.fandom.com, accessed July 12, 2021. https://rickandmorty.fandom.com/wiki/Wubba_Lubba_dub-dub
- "Deconstructive Criticism." Tatiana Tatum-Fisher, Wp.odi.edu. Deconstructive criticism follows the belief that objects have meaning because that it was it has been defined as through language. Deconstruction uses the concept of binaries in which one object has been given a sort of privilege, the better appeal i.e. good/bad, love/hate, white/black, and male/female. In texts these binaries form the motif, or theme of a story. However the theory of deconstruction focuses on how the language of the text may appeal to one binary, but has signs that it favors the opposite, but not necessarily the privileged binary. Using this concept theorists judge such texts to have “dismantled” themselves. Accessed August 29, 2021. https://sites.wp.odu.edu/tatum-fisherengl333/theory-1/
- "Deconstruction." Md Rajibul Hasan, Blogspot.com. Deconstruction is a philosophical movement and theory of literary criticism that questions traditional assumptions about certainty, identity, and truth; asserts that words can only refer to other words; and attempts to demonstrate how statements about any text subvert their own meanings: "In deconstruction, the critic claims there is no meaning to be found in the actual text, but only in the various, often mutually irreconcilable, 'virtual texts' constructed by readers in their search for meaning" (Rebecca Goldstein). April 12, 2010. https://allrfree.blogspot.com/2010/04/deconstruction.html
- "Deconstruction." Nasrullah Mambrol, Literariness.org. Deconstruction involves the close reading of texts in order to demonstrate that any given text has irreconcilably contradictory meanings, rather than being a unified, logical whole. As J. Hillis Miller, the preeminent American deconstructionist, has explained in an essay entitled Stevens’ Rock and Criticism as Cure (1976), “Deconstruction is not a dismantling of the structure of a text, but a demonstration that it has already dismantled itself. Its apparently solid ground is no rock but thin air.” March 22, 2016. https://literariness.org/2016/03/22/deconstruction/
- "How to Deconstruct a Text." Editors-Authors, Wikihow.com. Deconstruction aims to disturb in order to discover. By deconstructing a text, you learn to read beyond a text's straightforward content and uncover new meanings and truths. Deconstruction has intellectual and political implications. Deconstructing a text is a common assignment given to students of literature, literary theory, film, communications, or postmodernist thought.Whenever deconstruction finds a nutshell—a secure axiom or a pithy maxim—the very idea is to crack it open and disturb this tranquility - John D Caputo. Last updated December 20, 2020. https://www.wikihow.com/Deconstruct-a-Text#References
- "How to Deconstruct a Text." Scott Neuffer, Penandthepad.com. Deconstruction is a philosophical movement spearheaded by French thinker Jacques Derrida and other critics during the 1960s. As a literary theory, it focuses on exposing cultural biases in all texts, whether a passage in a popular book or the flashing script of a television ad. Readers engaged in deconstruction analyze words and sentences to identify inherent biases and call into question commonplace interpretations of the text. While this may sound presumptuous or cynical on the front end, deconstruction isn’t about destroying meaning. Rather, it’s about undermining ingrained assumptions to view things in a new light.Oppose Prevailing WisdomThe first thing you’ll have to do is question the common meaning or prevailing theories of the text you're deconstructing. When deconstructing, you need to start from a place of critical opposition. The only assumption you can make is that the meaning of the text is unstable and what others have told you about it is based on their own assumptions. In other words, you need to be skeptical from the onset. If you’re deconstructing Shakespeare’s Sonnet No. 18, which famously begins, “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day,” you can’t assume the poet is talking about a woman or that a woman is inherently an apt object for summery figurative language. What if the speaker of the poem is gay or is being sarcastic about an ex-lover? Unhinge yourself from traditional interpretations and dig into the specifics of the text. Like a scientist on the fringe of discovery, look for evidence to support alternative views.Expose Cultural BiasPractitioners of the deconstructive method refer to cultural biases in texts in a number of lofty ways, calling them "binaries" and "hierarchical oppositions." To understand these interchangeable terms, remember that certain words and the concepts they represent are often privileged, or emphasized more, than their oppposite words and concepts -- rich over poor, male over female, enlightened over ignorant. For instance, if a poet personifies everything in nature -- the sun, the moon, the sea -- as being male, you might conclude that the text has a male bias. If a novelist portrays white European culture as “learned” and “sophisticated” in contrast to other cultures of the world, you might suspect a Western, Euro-centric bias in the text. It’s your job to root out these biases.Analyze Sentence StructureOne way to investigate underlying meaning of a text is to analyze sentence structure, specifically the arrangement of subject and object. Ask yourself if a person or thing represented as an object in the text makes it subordinate to the subject in some way. For instance, if a novel's male protagonist is always the initiator of action rather than the recipient -- “He took her to the store; he bought her earrings; he found some food she would like” -- the recurrent sentence structure may reinforce the protagonist’s power over the dependent character. Look for these patterns and determine if the points of view of other characters are limited to favor cultural bias.Play With Possible October 3, 2023: MeaningsAfter you’ve analyzed the text for biases, see if your discoveries support a new interpretation. While many associate deconstruction with destruction of meaning, the opposite is true. According to the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, by assessing the biases of a given text -- the social and historical conventions that helped produce it -- you’ve opened up the words and sentences to an infinite amount of possible, if partial, readings. Returning to Shakespeare’s Sonnet No. 18, the last couplet reads: “So long as men can breathe or eyes can see / So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.” While many have interpreted these lines to convey the eternal power of poetry, the deconstructive reader might find more irony: In his overbearing wish to immortalize his beloved, the poet has betrayed not only the futility of love poetry but the entire chivalric tradition that values youth and beauty over maturity and wisdom. Accessed August 29, 2021. https://penandthepad.com/deconstruct-text-2122472.html
- "Ladder of Escape." Alma Royale, Wordpress.com. 'For the absurd man it is not a matter of explaining and solving, but of experiencing and describing. Everything begins with lucid indifference.' Albert Camus.August 13, 2015. https://ladderofescape.wordpress.com/2015/08/13/lucid-indifference/
- "Oxford Reference: Thomas Theorem." Oxfordreference.com, accessed September 14, 2021. A concept formulated by the American sociologist William Isaac Thomas (1863–1967) that ‘“*facts” do not have a uniform existence apart from the persons who observe and interpret them. Rather, the “real” facts are the ways in which different people come into and define situations’. Famously, as he and his research assistant and wife Dorothy Swaine Thomas (1899–1977) put it in 1928, ‘If men define situations as real, they are real in their consequences’. Such a ‘subjective’ definition of the situation by a social actor, group, or subculture is what Merton came to call a self-fulfilling prophecy (as in cases of ‘mind over matter’). It is at the heart of symbolic interactionism. See also constructionism; frame of reference; framing; perspectivism. https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803104247382
- "Oxford
Reference: Self-fulfilling prophecy." Oxfordreference.com. A concept
introduced into sociology by Robert Merton (see his Social Theory and
Social Structure, 1957), and allied to William Isaac Thomas's earlier
and famous theorem that ‘when people define situations as real, they are
real in their consequences’. Merton suggests the self-fulfilling
prophecy is an important and basic process in society, arguing that ‘in
the beginning, a false definition of the situation evokes a new
behaviour which makes the originally false conception come true. [It]
perpetuates a reign of error’. See also self-destroying prophecy;
unintended or unanticipated consequences. Accessed September 14, 2021.
https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100453294
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- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral_psychology
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral_realism
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral_reasoning
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral_responsibility
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral_skepticism
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral_universalism
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morality
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-cognitivism
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normative_ethics
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occam%27s_razor
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontology
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordinary_language_philosophy
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ought_implies_can
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathology
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People-first_language
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_identity
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenomenology_(psychology)
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_razor
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_skepticism
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner%27s_dilemma
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem_of_induction
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem_of_mental_causation
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem_of_other_minds
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rational_agent
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realistic_conflict_theory
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reciprocity_(evolution)
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell%27s_teapot
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagan_standard
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schema_(psychology)
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-actualization
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-agency
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-awareness
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-concept
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-determination_theory
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skepticism
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_cognition
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_contract
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_construct
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stochastic_terrorism
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terror_management_theory
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_descriptions
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_mind
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/They%27re_Made_Out_of_Meat
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thought_experiment
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin_Earth_thought_experiment
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtue_ethics
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoo_hypothesis
M U S I C P L A Y L I S T S
FreedomWalker's Playlist:
- Syndie Christmas: “Somewhere Over the Rainbow”
- Santamarea: “Splendere”
- Sparks: “You Were Meant for Me”
beetle's Playlist:
- Metric: “Help, I'm Alive”
L Y R I C S S O U R C E (S)
- Geniuslyrics.com
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