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Tuesday, July 9, 2019

July 9th Credits:"Summertime Abundance & Supermassive Black Holes"







  • As always, YOUR BLACK META is bringing MAXIMUM AWESOME! Music, Meta, and Mindful; local news and upcoming events; opportunities for engaging with and supporting local communities!
  • This week, we're all about that Wabi-Sabi-lifestyle and philosophy! We're also looking at the Science behind VACATIONS!
  • Not to mention . . . we're diving into informal fallacies and cognitive biases: the worm in the heart of informal logic and argumentation!
  • It's SUMMAHTIIIIIIME, when the livin's EEEEEEEEE-ZEE!




--Your Black Meta!









Support Our Community AND BE INFORMED
Community organizations to connect, to listen, and to be heard:
https://citizenactionny.org/about
https://citizenactionny.org/events/venues/7-grand-st-kingston-ny-12401-usa
https://kingstontenantsunion.org/
https://kingstontenantsunion.org/events/
https://kingstontenantsunion.org/news/
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Upcoming Demonstrations

Your Meta will keep you updated about upcoming opportunities to speak up and speak out. 






Upcoming Festivals and Concerts


Huichica East 2019 | AUGUST 9 - 10
Since 2016 Hudson Valley has hosted Huichica East, our East Coast incarnation of the popular Sonoma festival. Set at the beautiful and expansive Chaseholm Farm just south of Hudson, NY, Huichica East replicates the heart of Huichica, with epic pastoral settings, great music, tasty farm-grown food, and lovely people. Visit site for 2019 lineup. https://hudson.huichica.com




 Woodsist Festival 2019 | Saturday, SEPTEMBER 28, 2019 | Arrowood Farms, Accord, NY | Gates: 12noon / Show: 1:00pm / End: 10pm (approx)
Lineup: Whitney • Real Estate • Woods • Kevin Morby Waxahatchee • Hand Habits • Bonny Doon • Wet Tuna • Anna St. Louis • Little Wings • DJ Jeff Conklin (WMFU) + More TBA. Visit site for more 2019 info. https://www.woodsist.com/woodsist-festival-2019/




FreedomWalker's Sources and Credits

COFFEE & GREEN TEA COMBO
  • Bestlifeonline.com - " The 35 Best Reasons to take a Vacation."


    There are plenty of good reasons to take a vacation, whether you’re eager to catch up on beach reads with a cocktail in hand or just want to take a much-needed break from the office. Still, while 73 percent of full-time private sector workers are offered paid vacation days, per the Bureau of Labor Statistics, research suggests that Americans are taking less time off than ever. In fact, about 55 percent of Americans are leaving some or all of their vacation time unused. That’s right. More than half of us our leaving free time off on the table. And that means we’re missing choice opportunities to become happier, healthier, and all-around more productive, because, as it turns out, vacations are good for you. Really good for you. Just read on to see why putting aside your workaholic tendencies—even if just for a moment—is in your best interest. And when you do get around to booking that vacation, make sure you’ve committed to memory the 20 Ways to Make Travel Less Stressful.


    THE SPRUCE

    • Thespruce.com
    EDITORIAL

    Scientists have proven that vacations are good to take:


    • Huffpost.com- "9 Reasons To Take A Vacation ASAP According To Science."
    • "Why is my Apple Juice Traveling all over the world, and what the Heck is in it?"




    K-TOWN NEWS

    • Almanac Weekly
    MINDFUL MUSEUM

    • Book - "Awakening your IKIGAI,"  by Ken Mogi
    • Theailgnedlife.com- "7 ways to feel abundant even when you're broke."
    • Wabi-Sabi: "The Japanese Philosophy, for a perfectly Imperfect Life."





    beetle's Sources, Citations, Credits, and Links
    INTERNET EDUCATION


    Multimedia - Argumentation
    Overviews:

    • "What is an Argument?" Kevin deLaplante, Youtube. January 29, 2013. [4:17] This video introduces the concept of an ARGUMENT as the term is used in logic and argumentation. (http://www.criticalthinkeracademy.com). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nq8-w2BAJkU
    • "Identifying Premises and Conclusions." Kevin deLaplante, Youtube. January 31, 2013. [5:34] Before you can analyze an argument you need to be sure that you've clearly identified the conclusion and the premises. This video discusses some of the challenges associated with this task. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=07mehbgE5jc
    • "The Structure of Argument Overview." Susan Mulligan, Youtube. March 9, 2015. [3:09] This is a short Vidra video on the basic structure of a written argument. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dt6J_DoOmCw
    • "Structure of Argument." Friedprofessor K. Friedman, Youtube. February 22, 2017. [6:58] Basic and Classic Argument Structures. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8VO4PCgFq8g
    • "Argument Structure." Karin Hogen, Youtube. August 12, 2015. [10:00] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1hibix8OyQQ
    • "Basic Argument Structure." Ryan Kerr, Youtube. July 10, 2016. [6:46] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VgTPw9J5a6M
    • "Basic Elements of Arguments." Professor RSP, Youtube. August 25, 2018. [37:43] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MltqtmNLiuY
    • "1.1 Basic Concepts: Arguments, Premises, & Conclusions." Mark Thorsby, Youtube. August 2, 2012. [35:32] This is the first video of the Introduction to Logic series in which Professor Thorsby covers the basics of arguments, premises, and conclusions. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qL6HMPOYlVs
    • "Analyzing the argument - Part 1 of 2." Snap Language, Youtube. June 23, 2016. Analyzing the argument is an important skill in everyday life, but it is particularly important in academic reading, writing, listening, and speaking. Learn the basics of how arguments are built so you can analyze them more easily." https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pP8dWURrEF0
    • "Analyzing the Argument - Part 2 of 2." Snap Language, Youtube. July 27, 2017. [6:25] One way to analyze an argument is to evaluate the evidence presented. A well built argument must be supported by accurate, sufficient, and relevant evidence. Rather than simply accepting everything they read, critical readers ask questions. Critical reading is very important not only in academic reading, writing, listening, and speaking but also in every day life. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jVf_iJpSIrM
    . . . FULL PLAYLIST: "Critical Reading." Snap Language, Youtube. [4 videos, last updated on August 5, 2017.] How to be a critical reader by distinguishing facts and opinions, analyzing the argument, and detecting bias and fallacies. https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLS9dE7WMFmJhf0iVdOF5YQG0V9wlX9bhD

    • "CRITICAL THINKING - Fundamentals: Validity [HD]." Wireless Philosophy, Youtube. October 31, 2014. [7:06] In this Wireless Philosophy video, Paul Henne (Duke University) discusses the philosophical concept of validity. After reviewing the structure of an argument, he defines validity: an argument is valid if and only if its premises guarantee the conclusion. He reviews a few examples of validity and invalidity, and he leaves you with one example to figure out on your own. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kdJ6aGToDlo
    . . . FULL PLAYLIST: "Introduction to Critical Thinking." Wireless Philosophy, Youtube. [35 video, last updated April 3, 2018.] https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLtKNX4SfKpzX_bhh4LOEWEGy3pkLmFDmk

    • "An Overview of Common Logical Fallacies." Thinking-Ape, Youtube. April 6, 2015. [18:26] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_sjZVwAnwPA
    • "Logical Fallacies." Philosophy Vibe, Youtube. April 29, 2018. [8:39] Join George and John as they discuss and debate different Philosophical ideas. Today they will be looking into Logical Fallacies. A Logical Fallacy is a flaw in one’s logical reasoning, it is an incorrect argument used in debates which undermine a person’s case. Using a logical fallacy is an error can renders one argument invalid. In this video the two will run through the most commonly used Logical Fallacies and give examples of how these are used. This will be a good lesson in how not to argue in debates, and what fallacies to look out for should an opponent ever try to use one in a deep argument or discussion. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dP5imeWMDVg
    • "Logical Reasoning (Sound, Valid & Invalid arguments - Deductive, Inductive, Abductive Logic)." Philosophy Vibe, Youtbe. April 15, 2018. [6:50] Join George and John as they discuss and debate different Philosophical ideas. Today the two will be discussing Logical Reasoning. This is the method Philosophers use to create sound and valid arguments. The two will run through different arguments to show what makes a logically valid argument, a logically sound argument, as well as a logically invalid and not sound argument. They will also look into different kinds of Logical Reasoning such as Deductive reasoning, Inductive reasoning and Abductive reasoning. By the end of this video you will have a greater understanding of formulating a good argument, making the way you debate valid and sound, perfect practice for any debates you will find yourself in. https://youtu.be/lWhjFoC3PME
    • PLAYLIST: Introduction to Critical Thinking: https://www.youtube.com/user/WirelessPhilosophy/playlists?view=50&sort=dd&shelf_id=8 [3 playlists, (Critical Thinking: Fundamentals, Critical Thinking: Fallacies, Critical Thinking: Cognitive Biases) best if watched in order--beetle]
    • PLAYLIST: "Logic." Solomon's Cave, Youtube. [3 videos, last updated on October 5, 2018] Watch this playlist to help you develop logical thinking skills. Here I will put videos about arguments, logical fallacies, formal logic rules, and more. https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL4-uauxPRd90dp3wW5xTAZFnFPZRxjvri
    • "Logic & Arguments - logical fallacies (formal & informal fallacies)." NativLang, Youtube. January 30, 2012. [5:32] Learn how to use logic to examine arguments and identify logical fallacies. This lesson repeats and emphasizes the distinction between the form and content of an argument, and then introduces informal fallacies and formal fallacies, providing basic examples of each. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GNeagdJd4rU
    • "A Brief History of Logic." Philosophy Overdose, Youtube. February 18, 2017. [42:02] Logic, the study of reasoning and argument, first became a serious area of study in the 4th century BC through the work of Aristotle. He created a formal logical system, based on a type of argument called a syllogism, which identified valid and invalid forms of argument and remained in use for over two thousand years. In the nineteenth century the German philosopher and mathematician Gottlob Frege revolutionised logic, turning it into a discipline much like mathematics and capable of dealing with, expressing, and analysing nuanced arguments. His discoveries influenced the greatest mathematicians and philosophers of the twentieth century and considerably aided the development of the electronic computer. Today logic is a subtle system with applications in fields as diverse as mathematics, philosophy, linguistics and artificial intelligence. Melvyn Bragg discusses logic and its history in this BBC episode of In Our Time with guests A.C. Grayling, Professor of Philosophy at Birkbeck, University of London, Peter Millican, Gilbert Ryle Fellow in Philosophy at Hertford College at the University of Oxford, and Rosanna Keefe, Senior Lecturer in Philosophy at the University of Sheffield.   This is from the BBC Radio 4 program In Our Time. For more information, go to: http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b006qykl. https://youtu.be/IBLzwKtfF0Y




    Point-by-point HOW TOs:

    • "How to Argue - Philosophical Reasoning: Crash Course Philosophy #2." CrashCourse, Youtube. February 16, 2016. [9:42] Before we dive into the big questions of philosophy, you need to know how to argue properly. We’ll start with an overview of philosophical reasoning and breakdown of how deductive arguments work (and sometimes don’t work). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NKEhdsnKKHs&t=1s
    • "How to Argue - Induction & Abduction: Crash Course Philosophy #3." CrashCourse, Youtube. February 22, 2016. [10:17] We continue our look at philosophical reasoning by introducing two more types: induction and abduction. Hank explains their strengths and weaknesses, as well as counterarguments and the Socratic method. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-wrCpLJ1XAw
    • "Structure of Argument." Friedprofessor K. Friedman, Youtube. February 22, 2017. [6:58] Basic and Classic Argument Structures. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8VO4PCgFq8g
    • "Debate Skill: Argument Building." Reading Pioneers Academy, Youtube. December 13, 2015. [11:08] The argument is a key weapon for a debater, however many people don't understand it's power. With this video, we learn about the structure of an argument and learn important tips and advice to making strong arguments to use in debates. Check our website for more debate resources: https://www.youtube.com/redirect?redir_token=im1ky49RuIPXp1rwyDSwMKy_IsB8MTU2MDUzMTI2MUAxNTYwNDQ0ODYx&event=video_description&v=1zZ4YEuThRw&q=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.readingpioneers.com%2Fcategory%2Fdebate
    • "Logic & Arguments - logical fallacies (formal & informal fallacies)." NativLang, Youtube. January 19, 2012. [5:32] Learn how to use logic to examine arguments and identify logical fallacies. This lesson repeats and emphasizes the distinction between the form and content of an argument, and then introduces informal fallacies and formal fallacies, providing basic examples of each. This video is part of a series of lessons exploring the logic of arguments. These lessons build on the introduction to logic, which presents logic as a language and a way to understand and analyze individual sentences.
    • "Logic & Arguments - premises & conclusions, truth, deduction vs. induction." NativLang, Youtube. January 19, 2012. [7:07] Learn how to use logic to examine arguments. This lesson introduces premises & conclusions, distinguishes the form of an argument from its content, conceptualizes truth & validity, and contrasts deductive & inductive reasoning. The video concludes with a brief overview of theories of truth (coherence, correspondence, foundationalism, etc.). This video is part of a series of lessons exploring the logic of arguments. These lessons build on the introduction to logic, which presents logic as a language and a way to understand and analyze individual sentences. I kept the section on truth short & superficial. If it's depth you crave, start with Stanford's articles on truth in logic: (http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/truth/) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aCXVYz8JOe4).
    • "What is an Informal Fallacy?" 60Second Philosophy, Youtube. October 17, 2017. [1:35] Thanks for watching, please comment and subscribe. We want to talk to you; that's what philosophy is all about! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qrJQmjr35Rg
    • "31 logical fallacies in 8 minutes." Jill Bearup, Youtube. January 9, 2018. [8:10] I learned about fallacies recently, and it's nice to have a way to put a name to ways in which we don't think or argue logically. https://youtu.be/Qf03U04rqGQ
    • "22 Common Fallacies." Teachphilosophy, Youtube. August 28, 2015. [51:32] https://lucidphilosophy.com 22 common & Important informal fallacies from a philosopher's point of view. These include the appeal to nature, playing god, and cherry picking. For a text version, see my logic course on lucidphilosophy.com https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NUO2asxV-J0
    • "7 Popular Logical Fallacies." Telltale Podcast, Youtube. October 9, 2018. [6:45] What is a logical fallacy? What are some of the most commonly used fallaciecs? How can I avoid using them? I address all of these questions in this video.  Telltale Atheist Podcast: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC9oG... | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yRROX5821AI
    • "How to spot logical fallacies." Believing Thinkers, Youtube. STREAMED LIVE, June 8, 2019. [1:24:09] Join Sean and Erika as they discuss Logic, Logical fallacies, and Evidence.  abusing academic resources, Doxastic involuntarism/voluntarism , Test for incoherence,  Understanding Burden of Proof, and requirements for evidence and types/sources. patreon:  https://www.patreon.com/user?u=6448277 website: www.believingthinkers.com. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rItus7e8ve4
    • "common logical fallacies." MLNEnglishMajor, Youtube. January 7, 2013. [11:59] SLIDESHOW ONLY NO SOUND. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0AFio5mGYbk
    • "12 Cognitive Biases Explained - How to Think Better and More Logically Removing Bias."  [10:08] We are going to be explaining 12 cognitive biases in this video and presenting them in a format that you can easily understand to help you make better decision in your life. Cognitive biases are flaws in logical thinking that clear the path to bad decisions, so learning about these ideas can reduce errors in your thought process, leading to a more successful life. These biases are very closely related to logical fallacies, which may help you win an argument or present information better. 1)Anchoring Bias 2)Availability Heuristic bias 3)Bandwagon Bias 4)Choice Supportive Bias 5)Confirmation Bias 6)Ostrich Bias 7)Outcome Bias 8)Overconfidence 9)Placebo bias 10)Survivorship Bias 11)Selective Perception Bias 12)Blind Spot Bias  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wEwGBIr_RIw

      •






    Put a Little LOGIC in Your Side, Front, and Back Hustles:
    • "The Five Paragraph Argumentative Essay Structure" Holly Bullock, Youtube. October 30, 2013. [5:49] This video will help you learn the structure of the five paragraph essay format used for argumentative writing. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=57qLMT6tZp0
    • "How to Write a Good Argumentative Essay: Logical Structure." Kevin deLaplante, Youtube. November 22, 2009. [9:50] This is a sample video from a full video tutorial course that teaches you how to improve your academic essay writing. The course is hosted on Udemy. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tAmgEa1B1vI
    • "How to Write an Argumentative Essay by Shmoop." Shmoop, Youtube. March 26, 2013. [2:55] Argumentative Essay: http://www.shmoop.com/essay-lab/argum... Who doesn't love a good argument? There's something invigorating about persuading another to come around to your point of view. And hey - if you make them look a little stupid in the process, well... so be it. Learn more about writing on our website: (http://www.shmoop.com/essay-lab/). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-lzGy5gizKg


    A Little (or a LOT) of all three:


    • "Critical Thinking." David Pakman Show, Youtube. [16 videos, last updated on March 25, 2018] The David Pakman Show critical thinking miniseries, including the basics of epistemology, arguments, reasoning, logical fallacies, and more. https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLVrg5xLmCvhF79Ut_CBvv8HMPRjhIbXGa
    • "Critical Thinking Basics - Fallacies." Critical Thinking, Logic, and Argumentation (ReasonIO), Youtube. [32 videos, last updated on August 23, 2015] This playlist (currently in development) brings together my videos focused on particular fallacies, as well as more general videos about the nature of fallacious reasoning. In each of the videos of particular fallacies, I discuss what the fallacy is, map out its basic structure, point out what goes wrong with reasoning in the fallacy, examine three easy-to-understand examples, and give you advice about how to spot and avoid the fallacy. Eventually, this series will include over 50 videos on particular fallacies. https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLy91AvVMEx_9q5dUC_w2AFzaS-qBN3mEg
    • "Critical Reasoning -The Structure of Argument." Shikshak ( mind school tsz ), Youtube. October 7, 2015. [34:42] What is an Argument ? The invisible assumption Spotting Reasons and Conclusions using conjunctions as key words. Practice questions, books, quizzes, new lessons. More at: (https://takshzila-shikshak.teachable.com)
    • "Episode 1.1: Introduction to Critical Thinking (revised)." Center for Innovation in Legal Education, Youtube. November 3, 2013. [12:48] A revised version of Episode 1.1 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fRmhB3MW6GE
    • "Episode 1.2: Understanding Arguments." Center for Innovation in Legal Education, Youtube. August 23, 2013. [10:35] A key component of critical thinking is understanding exactly what an argument is. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MPgJCMd9a6k
    • "Episode 1.3: Deductive and Inductive Arguments." Center for Innovation in Legal Education, Youtube. August 23, 2013. [11:59] This episode covers two major types of arguments: deductive and inductive. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BwtCScUoLw

    . . . FULL PLAYLIST: "Critical Thinking." Center for Innovation in Legal Education, Youtube. [23 videos, last updated on July 2, 2014] Though you may not realize it, you use critical thinking skills ever day. Join us as we talk about critical thinking and how it applies to your every day life. This series is a good supplement to any classroom as a blended implementation. These modules were developed as a partnership between the David Eccles School of Business and the S.J. Quinney College of Law. Scripts were written by Jessica Taverna and David Plumlee. Narration by Aaron Dewald and Cole Holmes. Production by Lance Finch and Aaron Dewald. https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLpbtRdN7xWUcPT0qWBfC52FubQxcgdgjk





    Resources & Articles - Argumentation


    1. "What is the difference between formal and informal logical fallacies?" Quora.com, updated May 31, 2018. https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-difference-between-formal-and-informal-logical-fallacies
    2. "Formal and Informal Fallacies: English 112: Exposition and Persuasion." Lumenlearning.com. Retrieved on July 7, 2019.https://courses.lumenlearning.com/ivytech-engl112/chapter/formal-and-informal-fallacies/
    3. "15 Logical Fallacies You Should Know Before Getting Into a Debate." David Ferrer, Thebestschools.org. Updated February 25, 2019. https://thebestschools.org/magazine/15-logical-fallacies-know/
    4. Your Logical Fallacy.Is."A logical fallacy is a flaw in reasoning. Logical fallacies are like tricks or illusions of thought, and they're often very sneakily used by politicians and the media to fool people. Don't be fooled! This website has been designed to help you identify and call out dodgy logic wherever it may raise its ugly, incoherent head. Rollover the icons above and click for examples. If you see someone committing a fallacy, link them to it. Yourlogicalfallacyis.com, retrieved July 7, 2019. https://yourlogicalfallacyis.com
    5. "Your Bias.Is." Cognitive biases make our judgments irrational. We have evolved to use shortcuts in our thinking, which are often useful, but a cognitive bias means there’s a kind of misfiring going on causing us to lose objectivity. This website has been designed to help you identify some of the most common biases stuffing up your thinking. Click on the icons above to see full explanations on link-able pages e.g. yourbias.is/confirmation-bias and share this website to help make the world a more rational and thinky place. Yourbiasis, retrieved on July 7, 2019. https://yourbias.is
    6. "Cognitive Biases - A Visual Study Guide." Efern211, Scribd.com. Retrieved on July 7, 2019. https://www.scribd.com/doc/30548590/Cognitive-Biases-A-Visual-Study-Guide
    7. "Cognitive Bias Parade - an illustrated review of misjudgments and reconstructed realities." James Gill, Cognitivebiasparade.com. Retrieved on July 7, 2019. www.cognitivebiasparade.com


    • http://www.fallacyfiles.org
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abductive_reasoning
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytic%E2%80%93synthetic_distinction
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antecedent_(logic)
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument_from_fallacy
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argumentation_framework
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument_from_free_will
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument_map
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argumentation_theory
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attacking_Faulty_Reasoning
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bias
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bias_(disambiguation)
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boolean_algebra
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Arguments
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Dilemmas
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Doubt
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Fallacies
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Informal_arguments
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Rational_choice_theory
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causality
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_bias
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_bias#Common_theoretical_causes_of_some_cognitive_biases
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Completeness_(logic)
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conditional
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conditional_proof
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consequent
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contingency_(philosophy)
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corresponding_conditional
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deductive_reasoning
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deductive_system
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defeasible_reasoning
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilemma
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinction_without_a_difference  
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exegesis
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallacy
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallacy#Informal_fallacy
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallacy_of_relevance
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-order_logic
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_fallacy
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_language
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_system
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formalism_(philosophy_of_mathematics)
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottlob_Frege
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heuristic
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If_and_only_if
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If_and_only_if#Notation
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductive_reasoning
    • https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/infer
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inference
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informal_logic
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpretation_(logic)
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fallacies
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fallacies#Informal_fallacies
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_valid_argument_forms
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_criticism
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_theory
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_(disambiguation)
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_and_dialectic
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_consequence
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_constant
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_necessity
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_possibility
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_quantifier
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_truth
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loki%27s_Wager
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Material_conditional
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_logic
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_(philosophy_of_language)
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaningless_statement
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimesis
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modal_fallacy
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modal_logic
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_theory
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_language
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necessarily_true
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necessity_and_sufficiency
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negation
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_analysis
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_logic
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_razor
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_language
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_logic
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Possible_world
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predicate_logic
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premise
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem_of_future_contingents
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proposition
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reason
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reductio_ad_absurdum
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relevance_conditional
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_inference
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salva_veritate
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sense_and_reference
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singular_term
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soiled_Dove_Plea
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soundness
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soundness_(interactive_proof)
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soundness#Soundness
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statement_(logic)
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strict_conditional
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syllogism
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tautology_(logic)
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Term_logic
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thesis,_antithesis,_synthesis
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth_value
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type%E2%80%93token_distinction
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncertainty
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usually
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Use%E2%80%93mention_distinction
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Validity_(logic)
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_canon
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicked_problem
    • https://www.logicallyfallacious.com/tools/lp/Bo/LogicalFallacies
    • https://www.theskepticsguide.org/resources/logical-fallacies
    • https://yourbias.is/
    • https://yourlogicalfallacyis.com/


    Resources & Articles - Critical Thinking and Examination


    • http://academic.shu.edu/english/1201/Reading/critical-reading-strategies.htm
    • https://craftx.org/sites/all/themes/craft_blue/pdf/Interrogating_the_Text_Five_Close_Reading_Strategies_p4.pdf
    • http://gsi.berkeley.edu/media/Reading.pdf
    • https://students.case.edu/academic/workshops/success/doc/critread.pdf
    • http://writing.umn.edu/sws/assets/pdf/quicktips/criticalread.pdf
    • http://www.criticalreading.com/critical_reading_thinking.htm
    • http://www.criticalthinking.org/
    • https://www.csuohio.edu/writing-center/critical-reading-what-critical-reading-and-why-do-i-need-do-it
    • https://www.esc.edu/online-writing-center/resources/critical-reading-writing/
    • https://www.montclair.edu/center-for-writing-excellence/digital-dashboard/writer-resources/critical-reading/
    • https://www.skillsyouneed.com/learn/critical-reading.html
    • https://www.skillsyouneed.com/learn/critical-thinking.html
    • https://www.ucl.ac.uk/ioe-writing-centre/critical-reading-and-writing/critical-reading-questions
    • http://www2.csudh.edu/ccauthen/099SBP/questions_for_critical_reading.htm
    • https://www2.open.ac.uk/students/skillsforstudy/critical-reading-techniques.php



    ~#~




    Sources for Meta on the Meta: "What's Yer Defect: Fact or Form?"
    Multimedia


    1. "What is an Informal Fallacy?" 60Second Philosophy, Youtube. October 17, 2017. [1:35] Thanks for watching, please comment and subscribe. We want to talk to you; that's what philosophy is all about! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qrJQmjr35Rg
    2. "31 logical fallacies in 8 minutes." Jill Bearup, Youtube. January 9, 2018. [8:10] I learned about fallacies recently, and it's nice to have a way to put a name to ways in which we don't think or argue logically. https://youtu.be/Qf03U04rqGQ




    Resources & Articles
    1. "What is the difference between formal and informal logical fallacies?" Thomas Tucker, Quora.com. Answered February 7, 2016. https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-difference-between-formal-and-informal-logical-fallacies/answer/Thomas-Tucker-12
    2. "Formal and Informal Fallacies: English 112: Exposition and Persuasion." Lumenlearning.com. Retrieved on July 7, 2019. https://courses.lumenlearning.com/ivytech-engl112/chapter/formal-and-informal-fallacies/
    3. http://www.fallacyfiles.org/formfall.html
    4. http://www.fallacyfiles.org/glossary.html
    5. http://www.fallacyfiles.org/introtof.html

    • http://www.fallacyfiles.org
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytic_philosophy
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argumentation_framework
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bias
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bias_(disambiguation)
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladistics
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_bias
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Completeness_(logic)
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallacy#Informal_fallacy
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_fallacy
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_logic
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heuristic
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If_and_only_if
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informal_logic
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpretation_(logic)
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_(disambiguation)
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_consequence
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_form
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_necessity
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_possibility
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_quantifier
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_truth
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necessarily_true
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necessity_and_sufficiency
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negation
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_analysis
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premise
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reason
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soundness
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soundness_(interactive_proof)
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soundness#Soundness
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statement_(logic)
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Term_logic
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth_value
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Validity_(logic)
    • https://www.logicallyfallacious.com/tools/lp/Bo/LogicalFallacies
    • https://www.theskepticsguide.org/resources/logical-fallacies
    • https://yourbias.is/
    • https://yourlogicalfallacyis.com/




    Sources for Black X-Files: "Being COGNITIVE is Half of Fighting Your BIAS"
    Multimedia


    1. "12 Cognitive Biases Explained - How to Think Better and More Logically Removing Bias." Practical Psychology, Youtube. December 30, 2016. [10:08] We are going to be explaining 12 cognitive biases in this video and presenting them in a format that you can easily understand to help you make better decision in your life. Cognitive biases are flaws in logical thinking that clear the path to bad decisions, so learning about these ideas can reduce errors in your thought process, leading to a more successful life. These biases are very closely related to logical fallacies, which may help you win an argument or present information better. 1)Anchoring Bias 2)Availability Heuristic bias 3)Bandwagon Bias 4)Choice Supportive Bias 5)Confirmation Bias 6)Ostrich Bias 7)Outcome Bias 8)Overconfidence 9)Placebo bias 10)Survivorship Bias 11)Selective Perception Bias 12)Blind Spot Bias. https://youtu.be/wEwGBIr_RIw




    Resources & Articles


    • http://www.fallacyfiles.org
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytic_philosophy
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antecedent_(logic)
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument_from_fallacy
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argumentation_framework
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Informal_arguments
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Rational_choice_theory
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_logic
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_bias
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_bias#Common_theoretical_causes_of_some_cognitive_biases
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deductive_reasoning
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deductive_system
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defeasible_reasoning
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinction_without_a_difference
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_of_discourse
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effective_procedure
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallacy
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallacy#Informal_fallacy
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-order_logic
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informal_fallacy
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informal_logic
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpretation_(logic)
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_(disambiguation)
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_and_dialectic
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_consequence
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_form
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_necessity
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_possibility
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_quantifier
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_truth
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necessarily_true
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necessity_and_sufficiency
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negation
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_analysis
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_logic
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_logic
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Possible_world
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premise
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reason
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soundness
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statement_(logic)
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Term_logic
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth_value
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncertainty
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_quantification
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Validity_(logic)
    • https://www.logicallyfallacious.com/tools/lp/Bo/LogicalFallacies
    • https://www.theskepticsguide.org/resources/logical-fallacies
    • https://yourbias.is/
    • https://yourlogicalfallacyis.com/




    Music Playlists


    First Hour Music and Playlists:

    1. B-52s: "Roam"
    2. Muse: "Take a Bow"
    3. Muse: "Starlight"
    4. Go-Gos: "Vacation"



    Second Hour Music and Playlists:

    1. Muse: "Supermassive Black Hole"
    2. Muse: "Knights of Cydonia"
    3. SuperBus: "Travel the World"
    4. Men Without Hats: "Safety Dance"
    at

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